Genocide Essays -- essays research papers

Genocide is a reality that no one can ever conquer or vanish if they are working alone or do not look at the consequences upon taking choices of action. We as Americans feel it is our duty to only take a course of action if we know and are fully aware of the actions being made against the people, or if we are being affected directly. If it does not affect us and we do not know about it then obviously we cannot do anything about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We feel that if we know what is going on and it is not directly affecting us then we will tell them to stop what they are doing and give them a â€Å"false† threat to hopefully scare them into stopping whatever they are doing. We also feel that if we are not being directly attacked and we know what is going on we will wait for surrounding UN countries to take action before sending our troops into something we are not excited about getting into. If the UN troops fail, we will jump in and try our best to stop whatever is going on. However, if they succeed then we will not intervene with the process of any clean up of the genocide or after activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our first priority on our country today is the citizens living inside of it. We have millions of troops in our army, marines, navy, and air force that would be going over and risking their lives for something we aren’t apart of. If the other countries can handle it then why should we be involved?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We also need to respe...

Case Study of Fdi in India vs China

A project ReportOnCASE STUDY OF FDI IN INDIA VS CHINASubmitted toMrs. Smita KashiramkaByRamya Singh2010B3A2613PIn Fulfilment ofStudy oriented ProjectBIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI30th November 2012| | | | | | | Abstract The report begins with the FDI definition and FDI reference with respect to India and its sect-oral and regional comparisons. This report undertakes a comparative analysis of the foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing from the multinational corporations (MNCs) into China and India.Examining the prevailing investment climate to account for the differences in FDI between the two countries and finally suggest some recommendations for India to achieve higher FDI. A review of Mckinsey report on India’s economic performance and growth potential has been done at the end of the report. Acknowledgements A Study oriented project is a golden opportunity for learning and self development. I consider myself very lucky and honoured to have been able to ge t this opportunity of doing such a project. My grateful thanks to Mrs.Smita Kashiramka mam who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with her duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path. I do not know where I would have been without her. Ramya Singh ID- 2010B3A2613P Table of Contents- 1. Introduction 2. 1. FDI definition 2. 2. Benefits of FDI 2. 3. FII’s 2. FDI Routes to India 3. 4. Forbidden territories 3. 5. Forms of FDI Investment 3. 6. Automatic Route 3. 7. Government approved Route 3. Amendments in FDI and Industrial Policies 4. 8. FEMA 4. 9. FIIA 4. Status of FDI in India 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China 6. Directional comparison of FDI in India and China . Recommendations for improving FDI to India 8. FDI in Retail 9. Review of Mckinsey Report of FDI in India 10. Conclusion 11. References 1. INTRODUCTION Background The official statistics of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in China and India exhibits a remarkable discrepancy that cons equently establishes the unmatched superiority of China in attracting FDI inflows. China ventured into the path of liberalization in 1979 by gradually liberalizing and opening up its economy. Removal of restrictions on inward FDI has figured out to be one of the prominent features in the Chinese reforms.China has indeed achieved remarkable success in FDI since it formally opened its door to FDI with the passage of the â€Å"Law of People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures using Chinese and Foreign Investment† in 1979. By virtually having their non-state sector (counterpart of India’s private sector) run on free market principles and setting up large special economic zones, encouraging competition among Chinese provinces to attract FDI, offering substantial tax concessions, permitting the leasing of land and property, introducing overnment guarantees for investment and special arrangements regarding retention and repatriation of foreign exchange, China has bee n able to attract significant sums of FDI inflows. India, the only developing country of size and diversity of industrial base comparable to China, has also adopted a similar path of liberalization since 1991, by slowly shedding its FDI restrictions and allowing FDI through automatic route barring a few strategic industries of security concern .It is important to note that in 1997, India had joined the band of the top ten developing country recipients of FDI flows, whereas China had already acquired prominent positions at least since 1991. UNCTAD’s ranking of countries based on FDI relative to the size of the economy was 121 for India and 61 for China for the period 1988 to 1990. The corresponding figures for 1998-2000 are 119 and 47 respectively. While India has improved marginally, China reveals a huge success in terms of FDI ranking In 2002, the A. T. Kearney survey also found that China outranked the U.S. as the most attractive destination for FDI. The importance of FDI t o China is readily apparent. These discrepancies in the relative FDI attracting capabilities of India and China raise some important fundamental questions about the actual FDI potential of India. Can India possibly become an FDI destination as attractive as China?. The Report addresses this question at large. 1. 1 Definition of ‘Foreign Direct Investment – FDI' FDI refers to an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.Further, in cases of FDI, the investor? s purpose is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise. Components of FDI- The components of FDI are equity capital, reinvested earnings and other capital (mainly intra-company loans). As countries do not always collect data for each of those components, reported data on FDI are not fully comparable across countries. In particular, data on reinvested earnings, the collection of which depends on company surveys, are often unreporte d by many countries. – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)Foreign investment refers to investments made by the residents of a country in the financial assets and production processes of another country. It can come in two forms: Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII). FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. FDI brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and advanced technology infusion. But, FII or Foreign Institutional Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.Foreign Institutional Investment is also known as hot money as the investors have the liberty to sell it and take it back. The FII investment flows only into the secondary market. It helps in increasing capital availability. Objective of the Study:- a) To analyze the pattern and direction of FDI flow in India. b) To identify factors those are responsible for comparatively lesser flow of FDI to India c) To identify reasons for regional imbalances in terms of flow of FDI. d) To review FDI policy of India e) To address various issue and concern relating to FDI. f) To make policy recommendation to improve the level of FDI.Nature and Source of Data:- The relevant data are collected from papers published(sources mentioned in the last)various sites of Government of India, Reserve Bank of India and Mckinsey report published by Mckinsey global institute, papers published etc. Other references have been mentioned at the end of the report. 1. 2 Benefits of FDI to the host country- * FDI not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practices and better management skills and even technology transfer. Export market gets a boost due to this and consequently lesser import dependence.Foreign Investors invest in social, economic infrastructure, financial markets and marketing system help the dev eloping nations on the path of industrialization and modernization. Demand for various inputs give rise to development of the supplying industries, generating income, leading to a spur in the production process and a better living standard of the people employed in these industries. Quality products are available to the consumers at low prices. Foreign investment serves as boon to the government by bringing demand for various inputs giving rise to development of the supplying industries. . 3 FII's- Generate Enhanced flows of equity capital, improving capital markets, include reduced cost of capital, imparting stability to India's balance of payments, institutionalizing the market, improving market efficiency and strengthening corporate governance. 1. Foreign direct investment- the Indian scenario 2. 1 Forbidden Territories – FDI is not permitted in the following industrial sectors: †¢Arms and ammunition. †¢Atomic Energy. †¢Railway Transport. †¢Coal and lig nite. †¢ Mining of iron, manganese †¢Gambling and Betting †¢Business of chit fund †¢Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs). Activity/sector not opened to private sector investment. 2. 2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted as under the following forms of Investments – †¢Through financial collaborations. †¢Through joint ventures and technical collaborations. †¢Through capital markets via Euro issues. †¢Through private placements or preferential allotments. * Through financial collaborations-â€Å"Foreign collaboration includes ongoing business activities of sharing information related to financing, technology, engineering, management, consultancy, logistics, marketing, etc. which are generally, offered by a non-resident (foreign) entity to a resident (domestic or native) entity in exchange of cheap skilled and semi-skilled labour, inexpensive high-quality raw-materials, low cost hi-tech infrastructure facilities, stra tegic (favourable) geographic location, with an approval (permission) from a governmental authority like the ministry of finance of a resident country. †The examples of foreign collaboration between an Indian and abroad entity: * ICICI Lombard GIC (General Insurance Company) Limited is a financial foreign collaboration between ICICI Bank Ltd. India and Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd. , Canada. * ING Visa Bank Ltd. is a financial foreign collaboration formed between ING Group from Netherlands and Visa Bank from India. * Tata DOCOMO is a technical foreign collaboration between Tata Teleservices from India and NTT Decoma, Inc. from Japan. * Through joint ventures and technical collaborations-A joint venture is a new enterprise owned by two or more participants. Joint ventures are formed with several motives:- The main motive is to share the risks.A small firm with a new product idea that involves high risk and requires relatively large amounts of investment capital may form a joi nt venture with a large firm. A foreign company can invest in an Indian company through a joint venture agreement in the areas which are otherwise not reserved exclusively for the public sector or which are not under the prohibited categories such as real estate etc. For such foreign investments into India, a two tier approval mechanism has been provided. * Through capital markets via Euro issues- Foreign Investment through GDRs (GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS) – Indian companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt (GDRs). GDR investments are treated as FDI and are designated in dollars. * Use of GDRs –The proceeds of the GDRs can be used for financing capital goods imports, capital expenditure including domestic purchase/installation of plant, equipment and building and investment in software development, prepayment or scheduled repayment of earlier external borrowings. Investment in stock markets and real estate will not be permitted. FDI comes through ) Automatic route and b) Govt. approval route. 2. 4 Automatic route- Under the RBI’s Automatic Route, the Indian companies can issue shares up to prescribed percentage to person’s resident outside India without obtaining prior Permission either of the Government or RBI. These companies must be engaged in the Permissible activities under the FEMA. Companies engaged in manufacture of items, Reserved for SSI sector or those manufacturing items requiring industrial license or engaged in areas such as, defence, atomic energy or aerospace will not be able to avail of The Automatic Route.In terms of the guidelines issued in February 2000 and subsequent amendments, except in certain circumstances, foreign investment by way of issue of shares/convertible Debentures by Indian companies can be made in India under the Automatic Route without Any approval from the Government of India or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In the Circumstances where the Automatic Route is not applicable, the foreign investor or the Indian company seeking foreign investment would require the approval of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).FIPB is a competent body to consider and recommend foreign direct investment (FDI), which do not come under the automatic route. 2. 4 Government approved route- Indian companies may want to issue shares to foreign citizens and companies Incorporated outside India under sectors not allowed under the Automatic route or any other general/special permissions. In such cases, it will be necessary to Apply to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).Foreign Direct Investment in India is allowed on automatic route in almost all sectors except –Proposals that require an industrial license and cases where foreign investment is more than 24% in the equity capital of units manufacturing items reserved for the small scale industries,  For transfer of ownership or control of India n companies  in sectors with caps from resident Indian citizens to non-resident entities, Government approval/FIPB approval would be required in all cases where: The ownership or control of an existing Indian company (currently owned or controlled by resident Indian itizens and/or Indian companies, which are owned or controlled by resident Indian citizens) will be/is being transferred/passed on to a non-resident entity as a consequence of transfer of shares and/or fresh issue of shares to non-resident entities through amalgamation, merger/demerger, acquisition etc, where a foreign investor has an existing joint venture/ technology transfer/ trademark  agreement in the ‘same field', prior to January 12, 2005, the proposal for fresh investment/technology transfer/technology collaboration/trademark agreement in a new joint venture for technology transfer/ technology collaboration/trademark agreement would have to be under the Government approval route through FIPB/ Project Ap proval Board Proposals falling outside notified sect oral policy/caps or under sectors in which FDI is not permitted and whenever any investor chooses to make an application to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and not to avail of the automatic route. * Industrial Approvals/clearances- For starting a new project, a number of industrial approvals/clearances are required from different authorities such as Pollution Control Board, Chief Inspector of Factories, Electricity Board, Municipal Corporations, etc. * Labour Rules/Regulations- Under the Constitution of India, Labour is a subject in the Concurrent List where both the Central & State Governments are competent to enact legislation.Some of the important Labour Acts, which are applicable for carrying out business in India are – Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952; Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948; Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923; Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; Factorie s Act, 1948; Minimum Wages Act; Payment of Wages Act, 1936. * Taxation in India- Foreign nationals working in India are generally taxed only on their Indian income. Income received from sources outside India is not taxable unless it is received in India. Company taxation – Foreign companies are subject to a maximum tax of 40% on its net profits. The effective tax rate for domestic companies is 36. 75% while the profits of branches in India of foreign companies are taxed at 40%. Companies incorporated in India even with 100% foreign ownership, are considered domestic companies under the Indian laws. 3.Amendments- in the FDI and Industrial Policies 3. 1 FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act)- The Foreign Exchange Management Act (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). FEMA was introduced because the FERA didn’t fit in with post-liberalization policies. A significant change that the FEMA brought with it was that it made all offenses regarding foreign exchange civil offenses, as opposed to criminal offenses as dictated by FERA. When a business enterprise imports goods from other countries, exports its products to them or makes investments abroad, it deals in foreign exchange.Foreign exchange means ‘foreign currency' and includes deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency. It was a criminal legislation which meant that its violation would lead to imprisonment and payment of heavy fine. It had many restrictive clauses which deterred foreign investments. FEMA emerged as an investor friendly legislation which is purely a civil legislation in the sense that its violation implies only payment of monetary penalties and fines. 3. 2 Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) Government of India has set up Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) to facilitate quick translation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals into implementation.FIIA is assisted by Fast Track Committee (FTC), which have been established in 30 Ministries/Departments of Government of India for monitoring and resolution of difficulties for sector specific projects. Role of Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) To understand and solve the problems of the investors , understand and solve the problems of the approving authorities, refer to the cases that has not been resolved at the level of FIIA to the agencies at the higher levels, and to start consultations with multiple agencies. Changes in FDI policy in Single Brand retail trading:- The policy regarding Single Brand retail trading has been liberalized and now FDI up to 100 percent is permitted under the Government route.Policy for FDI in Commodity Exchanges:- Foreign institutional investors (FIIs) can now invest up to 23 percent in commodity exchanges without seeking prior approval of the government. However, FDI will continue to need the approval of the FIPB DTAA (DOUBLE TAX AVOIDA NCE AGREEMENT) WITH MAURITIUS- According to the tax treaty between India and Mauritius, capital gains arising from the sale of shares are taxable in the country of residence of the shareholder and not in the country of residence of the company whose shares have been sold. Therefore, a company resident in Mauritius selling shares of an Indian company will not pay tax in India. 4. Status of FDI in IndiaVarious studies have projected India among the top 5 favoured destination for FDI. Cumulative FDI equity inflows has been Rs. 5, 54,270 core (1, 27,460 Million US$) for The period 1991-2009. This is attributed to contribution from service sector, computer Software, telecommunication, real estate etc. India’s 83% of cumulative FDI is Contributed by nine countries while remaining 17 per cent by rest of the world. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed by the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent) Countries like Singapore, USA, and UK etc. invest in India mainly in service, power, telecommunication, fuels, electric equipments, food processing sector.Though India has observed a remarkable rise in the flow of FDI over the last few years, it receives comparatively much lesser FDI than China. Even smaller economies in Asia such as Hong Kong, Mauritius receive much than India in terms of FDI inflows. This is largely due to India’s economic policy of protecting domestic enterprise compared to above mentioned Newly Industrialized Asian Economies. Country-wise, FDI inflows to India are dominated by Mauritius (44 percent), followed By the Singapore (9 per cent), United States (8 percent) and UK (4 percent). the share of Mauritius is the highest due to the double taxation avoidance treaty with Mauritius. (Comparing India and China)Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2009; Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow . FDI stock of India has also registered a consistent grow th over the period of study. Net FDI stock for the period 1990-2000 was 1533 Million US$ which rose to 61523 Million dollars. However, net FDI stock of China is about 4 times than that of India. India’s inward FDI stock to GDP ratio improved from 0. 5 per cent for the 1990-2000 to 9. 9 per cent by the year 2008. Similarly, ratio of outward FDI Stock to GDP for the Corresponding period has registered a consistent rise and was at the level of 5 per cent In the year 2008 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2009; Net FDI Inflow= Inward FDI flow Minus Outward FDI Flow.There is a positive link between FDI and India’s growth story. India has been observing a consistent growth in net FDI flow. Ratio of FDI Inflow to Gross Capital Formation has improved from 1. 9 per cent during the period 1990-2000 to 9. 6 per cent in the year 2008. . Service sector has been the highest contributor of FDI inflow to India (22%). Followed by computer software and hardware (9%), telecommunica tion (8%), housing And real estate (8%), construction activities and power (7%). Net inward FDI into India remained buoyant during April-June of 2009-10 as Manufacturing sector continued to attract most part of FDI (19. 2 per cent), followed by Real estate activities (15. per cent) and financial services (15. 4 per cent). This trend Reversal (greater FDI in manufacturing sector) could be attributed to relatively better macroeconomic performance of India. During 2008-09, continuing liberalization measures to attract FDI and positive Sentiments of global investors about the growth potential of EMEs, including India. India evolved as one of the most favoured destination for investment in the service Sector due to low cost wages and wide demand-supply gap in financial services Particularly in banking, insurance and telecommunication. Gradually India has become Important centre for back-office processing, call centres, technical support, medicalTranscriptions, knowledge process outsourci ng (KPOs), financial analysis and business processing hub for financial services and insurance claims. There has been a wide concentration of FDI inflows around Mumbai Region (36%) followed by New Delhi Region (19%), Karnataka (6%), Gujarat (6 %), Tamil Nadu (5%) and Andhra Pradesh. It is alarming that these regions receive 77% of FDI equity inflow while rest of India accounts for only 23%. Lack of proper initiative from the various state governments is responsible for such wide disparities in FDI. China is the workshop of the world. Its $1,952 billion in output last year allowed it to overturn the US' 115-year reign as the world's largest manufacturer.China's manufacturing is labour-intensive: it produced almost the same percentage of world manufacturing output as the US (~19%) with about nine times the number of workers. China’s manufacturing success — seeded by foreign investment, superb infrastructure, a rational labour law regime, an infinite supply of migrating c heap farm labour — created the fastest poverty-reduction programmed in recorded history. Indian manufacturing must seize this opportunity. India accounted for only 1. 8% of global manufacturing value added (MVA) last year versus China at 23. 3%. Our per-capita productivity was a disappointing $107 versus China at $842. Budget 2011 plans a new manufacturing policy that aims to raise the share of manufacturing in GDP from 16% today to 25% in 10 years.How China became the world’s largest manufacturing destination:-China invited foreign direct investors to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in a wide range of sectors, including electronics, apparel, plastic toys, stuffed animals, ceramics, and many other labour intensive sectors. In each sector, the key was to link foreign investor capital and expertise with a large and low-cost Chinese labour force. The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capi tal goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, and physical security, adequate Power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods, and so forth.Creating global manufacturing competitiveness is complex but two bottlenecks for Indian manufacturing are infrastructure and labour laws. Our current labour law regime has huge costs; exploding unorganized employment, lower organized manufacturing, encouraging buying machines rather than hiring people, corruption, blue-collar exploitation and higher organized sector skill intensity. Basically, labour laws have ensured that 100% of net job creation in the last 20 years has been in the low-productivity and sub-scale unorganized sector. Added to the acute infrastructure woes are the rigidities in Indian labour markets which makes it practically impossible to shed excess labour or g et rid of nonperformers.Looking beyond these two constraints, a number of studies and reports have highlighted other weaknesses that hinder India’s development as a major export oriented manufacturing base. Some comparative statistics are given below- Source- Bajpai N and Dasgupta N, â€Å"Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India†, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 (Sect-oral Distribution of FDI) Maharashtra Region attracts FDI in energy, transportation, services, Telecommunications and electrical equipment. Delhi and NCR attracts FDI inflows in Telecommunications, transportation, electrical equipment (including software) and Services.While Haryana emerged as a preferred destination for electrical equipment, Transportation and food processing, Tamil Nadu has been successful in attracting FDI In automotive related and auto components sector. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Emerged as a popular des tination for software, computer hardware and Telecommunication. India’s rural areas such as Orissa has also been successful in Attracting FDI in securing large Greenfields FDI projects in bauxite, mining, aluminium and automotive facilities. 5. Round Tripping of FDI to China – The Chinese official statistical database does not provide disaggregated FDI that would directly project the relative contribution by the Non-Resident Chinese (NRC) population in China.However, based on the fact that a large proportion of NRCs residing in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao make FDI to mainland China, we will make the assumption that, in broad terms- any FDI originating from these countries will constitute expatriate FDI and mainland Chinese funds routed through local financial agents – round tripping. It is evident that the share of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and with it the share of MNCs in Chinese FDI inflows has been rais ing over the 1990s while the share of Singapore, Macao, Taiwan and Hong Kong (supposedly the NRC contribution) is falling. NRC contribution, which was nearly 80. percent of the total Chinese inflows in 1992, has gradually decreased over the 1990s, being on an average about 60. 5 percent over the decade. China’s FDI numbers include a substantial amount of round-tripping: A large amount of Chinese black money is recycled through Hong Kong and sent back to the mainland as FDI. Round-tripping in fact accounts for one-half of China’s FDI inflows, which thus reduces the reported level from $40 billion to $20 billion in 2000(see graph below). Even in 2001, more than 47 percent of FDI inflows to China came from these four countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Macao) where a large proportion of NRC's reside. 6. Directional Comparison of FDI in India and China –China's FDI inflows are somewhat inflated due to ‘round-tripping’ investment through Hong Kon g, which poses as a foreign investment in order to acquire the benefits from preferential tax treatment. The World Bank estimates that about 20–30% of FDI in China was due to the round-tripping investment on the other hand, India's FDI inflows are underestimated because the figure excludes reinvested earnings. While it is very likely that the entire FDI from these economies to China may not be totally from the NRCs, but a very large part of it actually is. Expatriate investment has been a very small portion of aggregate FDI in India, in spite of gradual attempts by the government to simplify the regulations involving investments by the non-resident Indians (NRIs) into the country and hence the expatriateIndians do not form a large segment of the target investors in India, unlike in China. On the whole, it is observed that in India, FDI is flowing into areas where skilled labour is major input sectors are telecom, electrical equipment, including computer software, energy, and the transportation industry. These four sectors accounted for roughly 50 percent of FDI inflows remarkable difference exists in the expanse of the areas of foreign investments in India and China. FDI in China is rather extensive, being diffused over agriculture (farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery), mining, and manufacturing and significantly into the tertiary sector.Moreover, social-welfare related sectors like education and healthcare and wholesale and retail trade(till 2012) that have not yet been targeted in India as sectors competent for attracting FDI inflows, but these have contributed to FDI in China. China has, since 1998, stepped up its efforts to encourage foreign investments into technology development and innovation. Several incentives, such as import duty exemption for equipment and technology brought into China by foreign-invested research companies, tax breaks for incomes obtained from transfer of technology, and business tax exemption to foreign enterpri ses transferring advanced technology, are luring foreign investors to China. China most certainly attracted large sums of FDI in the manufacturing sector, a significant part of which could definitely be channelized to India had India not been plagued with inadequacies.India’s product reservation for the small-scale industry, stringent labour laws, inability of the firms to exit, if conditions so demanded (no exit policy), lack of decision-making authority with India’s state governments and hence lack of competition among Indian states to attract FDI (as against China’s provinces) were some of the key factors why India lost large sums of FDI. Fall in FDI in electrical equipment manufacturing in India has been due to the cheap Chinese goods flooding the market. The role of sub-national government as a catalyst to FDI inflows has also been ignored in India while decentralization of FDI seeking and related powers has been given due importance in china. The Chinese g overnment welcomes FDI and does not seek too much documentation for companies setting up ventures in China. Getting licenses is also easy for setting up a unit in china. Export-orientation in FDI in India and China- China has been successful in attracting huge export oriented FDI inflows in recent years.China invited FDI to provide the capital and the expertise to achieve export competitiveness in the manufacturing sector with the key link of providing cheap labour . The foreign investors brought in the product design, specialized machine tools and capital goods, key intermediate products, and knowledge of world marketing channels. The Chinese assured these foreign investors certain key conditions for profitability, such as low taxes, reliable infrastructure, physical security, adequate power, decent logistics for the import and export of goods. India has large scale reservation in the small sector industries such as handicrafts which have large demand in the world market. SEZ's and EPZ'sSEZs, along China’s coastline, were designed to give foreign investors and domestic enterprises favourable conditions such as import intermediate products and capital goods duty free for rapid export promotion and good infrastructure. India also had similar models of EPZ and Export Oriented Units (EOU). EPZs are located at various places including Cochin, Falta (near Calcutta), Kandla, Chennai, Noida, Santacruz (Mumbai), Vishakhapatnam and Surat. A unit could be set up in these zones subject to availability of space. Incentives provided to attract investment in these areas were ‘zero import duty', a ‘special 10-year income tax rebate' and other incentives. Eight special zones failed to achieve the export targets.Decentralization of decision-making authority was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Another ingredient of infrastructure is the availability of power at competitive rate. Apart from cheap power there is no power failure in China, as in In dia. The EPZ's in India are one -third of the required size. In China all jobs are on contract basis, which stand terminated upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job. In contrast, the labour laws in India are extremely stringent and the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 does not allow companies with 100 or more employees to retrench labour without seeking prior permission the concerned state government. EPZ's in India have performed poorly due to:-Insufficient logistical links with ports and airport, Poor infrastructure in areas surrounding the zones (e. g. unpaved roads and poor Physical security), Government ambivalence and red-tape regarding inward FDI, Unclear incentive packages governing inward investment, and Lack of interest and authority of state and local governments, and the private sector, Compared with the central government, in the design, set-up, and functioning of the Zones. Unclear ownership of land- A major part of land parcels in India is subject to legal dispute over their ownership. This prevents to acquire land for retail; housing and the courts take an enormous time for clearing such cases.As a result Indian developers have hard time raising collateral for loans against land for which they don’t have a clear ownership. Revising the law on land construction would give a major push to the sluggish construction industry of India. Parts of India are plagued by archaic laws such as ULCRA (Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act) which created an artificial land scarcity leading to rising land prices further rising the cost of the housing Industry. Following Recommendations to improve FDI flows to India:- Apart from taking steps to improve infrastructural facilities and enhancing labour Market flexibility while the government has lifted sect oral caps for FDI over the last decade.Policies have thus far been ad-hoc and a source of uncertainty. Particular attention should also be paid to the removal of restrict ions on FDI in the Services sectors — including telecoms, banking and insurance, aviation, etc – as this will Help ease transactions costs for both consumers and business. The World Bank (2002) Has in fact proclaimed that â€Å"in virtually every country, the performance of the service Sectors can make the difference between rapid and sluggish growth† One sector that should certainly get this automatic approval is the education sector. Currently there is no FDI in education Allowed. Since it is well known that the education sector in India has reached a plateau.In terms of ideas or development, it is only fair that new ideas and methodologies from other countries are tried out. The SEZ'S and EPZ'S have failed to achieve their targets, for this the government must provide SEZs in strategic locations, close to ports or major industrial locations. Concurrent to this establishment of SEZs in strategic locations, the government should also provide all necessary infra structural facilities to ensure the success of the SEZ’s. The government needs to beyond the current policy of only allowing SEZs in areas that are already owned by companies applying for the SEZ: in effect, a SEZ should be like a huge industrial park rather than having one single company in it.Three, focus should not just be on the absolute amount of gross FDI inflows but also the type. More specifically, while India has experienced an infusion of FDI inflows in recent times, a large portion of the new inflows have been in the form of M&A's. Given that the latter does not necessarily imply new capital infusion into a country, the macroeconomic consequences of the two types of FDI can be quite different. The focus should not just be on the amount of Greenfield FDI inflows but also the positive externalities to be derived from them, including in terms of technological development. The effectiveness of the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) needs to be enhanced. Any investment promotion strategy must be geared towards the following: (a) image-building activities promoting the country and its regions and states as favourable locations for investment; (b) investment-generating activities through direct targeting of firms by promotion of specific sectors and industries, and personal selling and establishing direct contacts with prospective investors. India does have a vibrant manufacturing sector but that rarely comes out internationally because it gets drowned out by the more glamorous software and other service related sectors. This perception is a fundamental one and goes well beyond reasons such as red-tape, corruption, poor infrastructure though they are inter-related to an extent.To get rid of this tag is easier said than done but the government can do more promotion activities to this end, preventing diverting this FDI to China. There is the desperate need to create a deep talent pool. This is inherently dangerous for a country like Ind ia which has a tag of a services country; a sector that needs a deep talent pool to feed off. This lack of talent is reflected in the growth in wages which is one of the highest in the world. India has the highest wage inflation of any Asian economy. The one thing that makes India attractive is the cost arbitrage and if wages increase the way they are increasing, it is very likely that this arbitrage will disappear and along with it, valuable FDI dollars.To this end, it is necessary to continuously monitor the quality of students as well as the quality of teachers in educational institutions. The table below gives the rise in wages in different sectors for year 2012. While many policy barriers have been removed on FDI in India, results have at times been disappointing due to administrative barriers at the state level as well as lack of coordination between the central and state governments. There need to be greater coordination between the centre and states to ensure that the substa ntial foreign interest in investing in India gets translated into actual investment flows to the State. An example of this is the proposed $12 billion investment, India’s single largest FDI investment, by South Korean steel giant, Pasco.Pasco signed an agreement in June 2005 to set up a steel plant in Orissa but as of March 2008, the steel plant is yet to be start construction, let alone any operations. Every kind of problem ranging from political to environmental to allegations of land grabbing has affected this project. The main problem has risen from the allegation that they would make some villagers landless and Pasco cannot have a factory anywhere else because the raw material is in Orissa. This is a problem that the Orissa government could have easily foreseen but many governments in India have a tendency to promise too much and do too little. This clearly has impacted credibility of many state governments.India should continue to work towards developing a deep and liqu id corporate debt market. India is one of the few countries with a major equity market but With a highly illiquid corporate debt market. A well functioning corporate debt market Does one major thing for companies looking to invest in India. It is very likely that when Companies are investing their money in India or in any other country, they are more Likely to use debt rather than their own cash. Therefore, they would go to debt markets In their countries of origin and raise money there. However, this could lead to a considerable exchange rate risk because FDI is usually long-term and there is no good way of forecasting exchange rate movements in the long-run.If there a well functioning corporate debt market in India, it actually makes India that much more attractive. India should consciously work towards attracting greater FDI into R&D as a means of strengthening the country’s technological prowess and competitiveness. Policymakers are looking at FDI as the primary source of funds. It is important to Keep in mind that FDI on its own is not a panacea for rapid growth and development. What India needs is to put in place a comprehensive development strategy, which Includes being open to trade and FDI. This ought to go a long way to fulfilling the Ultimate goal of permanently eradicating poverty over the medium and longer-terms.India should remove the product reservation in small scale industries, bring in flexible labour laws, this will generate competitiveness in this sector which is critical for a growing economy. India has failed to evolve as inward FDI manufacturing destination. Manufacturing investment has potentiality to develop ancillary industries also. There is a wide spread under employment in agriculture. Manufacturing sector has greater scope of low end, labour intensive manufacturing jobs for unskilled population when compared with service sector. The issues of geographical disparities of FDI in India need to address on priority. India is a q uasi-federal country consisting of States and Union Territories.States are also partners in the economic reforms, and should offer several tax incentives etc for attraction. Data on FDI reveals that India has increase largely due to Merger and Acquisitions (M&A's) rather than large Greenfield projects. Business friendly environment must be created on priority to attract large Greenfields projects. Regulations should be simplified so that realization ratio is improved (Percentage of FDI approvals to actual flows). To maximize the benefits of FDI persistently India should also focus on developing human capital and technology. M&A's not necessarily imply infusion of new capital into a country if it is through reinvested earnings and intra-company loans.A Greenfield Investment is the investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company-related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist. Governments should see that losing corporate tax reve nue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the country's human capital. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. MOU ArecelorMittal controversy is one of the best examples of such disputes Due to poor quality primary education and higher there is still an acute shortage of talent. This factor has negative repercussion on domestic and foreign business. FDI in Education Sector is less than 1%.Given the status of primary and higher education in the country, FDI in this sector must be encouraged. The SEZ’s and EPZ’s of India have failed to achieve their export targets due to unclear rules and regulations by the government, overcrowding of units in these zones and poor infrastructure as discussed previously in the report. It is found that there are Lower indirect taxes in china, lower import duties on raw materials since the Government often sees that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the country's human capital, higher labour productivity encourage higher FDI’s in china.The Indian Government should also implement such regulations. In China, Foreign investment in research and development (R&D) and foreign enterprises transferring advanced technology to china are exempt from paying import duty; such policies aren’t seen in India. In order to improve technological competitiveness of India, FDI into R&D should be promoted; FDI can be instrumental in developing rural economy. There is abundance opportunity in Greenfield Projects. But the issue of land acquisition and steps taken to protect local interests by the various state governments are not encouraging. 8. FDI in Retail(how it is good for the country):-Small shops, street vendors and malls can all co-exist (as they are doing now): They all serve different needs, and different income segments. The FDI approval does state that â€Å"30 per cent of the products must be procured from small scale industries which have a total investment in plant and machinery not exceeding $1 million. FDI in retail will expand consumer base. Some categories currently have no big players: There are some categories of stores that are just not present in India. The suppliers of e. g. -air conditioning units have increased but the food sector supplies remain traditionally the same. Having a Wal-Mart will cater to the increasing consumer base. FDI in India Retail should be welcomed as this will bring a lot of money in India.Foreign Investment will help the government to build new infrastructure and improve rural infrastructure. Farmers will be the biggest beneficiaries from this move, as they will be able to improve their productivity and get high prices by selling their crops directly in the market to the lar ge organized players. Government will also gain by FDI through transparent and accountable monitoring of goods and supply change management systems. Products will be available to the consumers at reduced price since products will be purchased directly from the farmers and sold to consumers. This will provide lots of job opportunities to unemployed people in India.It will provide more options to the farmers with less wastage of agriculture product. FDI in retail will increase the competition for Indian players pushing them to improve their products and services. The final beneficiary of this competition will be the consumers. We have enormous wastage in foods and vegetables because small stores and vegetable vendors cannot afford refrigerated trucks, or any refrigeration. The stores lose money, and so does the consumer (because a lot of the fruits/ vegetables spoil too quickly after purchase. Hence the State governments should go with this agenda instead of opposing it and see the bi gger picture. 9. McKinsey report on economic performance of India-McKinsey Global Institute prepared a report on how the global economy works with a special focus on India which will be the most populated but remains one of the poorest economies. Special focus was given on the economic performance and growth potential of the country comparing its growth with its neighbour China. Following findings were made- A decade ago India and China had the same GDP per capital, but now India’s GDP is only half that of china. Some of the factors preventing India's GDP to grow in comparison to China are Low Productivity-This arises due to regulations concerning markets and products, land market ownership distortions and government owned businesses since they protect most industries from competition.Inequitable regulations-such regulations restrict competition thus reducing efficiency as seen in the telecommunication industries there private players have to pay a heavy licensing fees compar ed to government owned incumbents who do not do so. Uneven enforcement- the small scale industries steal power frequently compared to bigger more visible counterparts who can’t do so. Reservation of products for small scale industries-Around 500 products are reserved for small scale industries (as of 2001), such reservations restricts these industries to achieve production efficiency. Licensing or Quasi Licensing-Several sectors such as dairy require a license from Government before starting production. These licensing authorities prevent private entrants into entering competition.Government ownership of companies promote inefficiency and waste-their labour productivity levels are far below their private players- in telecommunications and electricity government control both the regulators and state electricity boards(SEB's) which are highly inefficient and lose around 30 % to theft compared to 10% of power lost by private players to theft. Poor infrastructure and less red tap e in port management could greatly reduce customs clearance time. Unclear Ownership- A large proportion of land in India is subject to legal disputes over their ownership and the courts are very slow in resolving disputes. This prevents buying land for retail and housing. Counterproductive taxation-Low property taxes, ineffective tax collection, subsidised user charges for water and power leave the local governments unable to invest in infrastructure e. g. – in Delhi water is supplied at 10% of its true cost. MEASURES TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY-The following measures were suggested – removing reservations on small scale industries, establishing effective proactive and independent regulators, rationalising taxes and custom duties, removing restrictions on foreign investment and widespread privatisation which will boost competition, further improving the quality of products, and at times, has reduced the cost also. Removing the barriers to higher productivity, privatization and a more efficient taxation could save the government from what it loses now by providing subsidies to the state owned enterprises, helping it to reduce its burgeoning budget deficit. Increased Productivity and opening more sectors to FDI would also create new jobs, which is crucial for the second most populous country of the world. 10. ConclusionIndia and China are exemplars of the changes brought on by globalization. They are two of the fastest growing economies in the world and possess two of the largest domestic markets by number of consumers. FDI has been a major contributor to both nations’ growth, bringing in more than just investment capital. FDI has fostered the introduction of technology, human know-how, and helped to link nations internationally. India has complex FDI regimes that, while allowing for large nominal volumes of FDI inflows, has major flaws. India still protects large economic sectors from investment, is slow to approve foreign acquisitions of domes tic firms (if at all), and is characterized by excessive bureaucracy.The analyses in the current study suggest that: China’s potentially huge domestic market is the major determinant of its inward FDI . Comparing to India, China’s better performance in attracting FDI fromwas mainly due to its larger domestic market and higher international trade ties along with better infrastructure and less of red tapism. . . 10. References 1) Bajpai N and Dasgupta N,†Multinational Companies and Foreign Direct Investment in China and India†, Centre on Globalization and Sustainable Development (CGSD) Working Paper No. 2 2) Wei W,†China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances? , Journal of Asian Economics, Vol-16 719–736(2005) ) Bensidoun I , Lemoine F, â€Å"The integration of China and India into the world economy: a comparison†, The European Journal of Comparative Economics,Vol- . 6, n. 1, pp. 131-155 4)http://www. investinginindia. in/ â⠂¬â€œ FDI Website. 5)M. Shamim Ansari, M. Ranga,†India's Foreign Direct Investment : Current Status,Issues,and Policy Recommendations†,UTMS Journal of Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-16, 2010 6)Bajpai, N. and Dasgupta, N. , â€Å"What Constitutes Foreign Direct Investment: Comparison of India and China†, Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University, Working Paper, April. 7)Agosin, M. and R. Mayer (2000). â€Å"Foreign investment in Developing Countries: Does it Crowd in Domestic Investment? † Discussion Paper No. 146, UNCTAD, Geneva

Frankenstein Summary

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a Gothic horror novel about a man named Victor Frankenstein who discovers the secret to creating life. He uses this knowledge to form a hideous monster, which becomes the source of his misery and demise. The novel is presented as an epistolary nested narrative, following the first-person accounts of Captain Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster himself. Part 1: Walton’s Opening Letters The novel opens with Robert Walton’s letters to his sister Margaret Saville. Walton is a sea captain and a failed poet. He is traveling to the North Pole in pursuit of glory and has high hopes for geographical and scientific discoveries. On his journey, he spots what looks like a giant rushing by on a sledge; soon after, his ship passes an emaciated and frozen man floating on a slice of ice. The crew rescues the stranger, who reveals himself to be Victor Frankenstein. Walton is impressed with his wisdom and cultivation; they talk and Walton states that he would sacrifice his own life for the sake of a greater good, and for lasting glory. Frankenstein then launches into his own story as a warning of the dangers of such a life philosophy. Part 2: Frankenstein’s Story Frankenstein begins his tale with his happy upbringing in Geneva. His mother, Caroline Beaufort, is the daughter of a merchant and marries the older, reputable Alphonse Frankenstein. She is graceful and affectionate, and young Frankenstein has a wonderful childhood. He loves reading about the secrets of heaven and earth—natural philosophy, alchemy and the philosopher’s stone. He seeks glory and wishes to uncover the mystery of life. His close childhood friend, Henry Clerval, is his opposite; Clerval is curious about the moral relations of things, and is fascinated by tales of virtue and chivalry. Frankenstein’s parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza, an orphaned child of Milanese nobility. Frankenstein and Elizabeth call each other cousin and are brought up together under the care of Justine Moritz, another orphan who serves as their nanny. Frankenstein praises Elizabeth much as he does his mother, describing her as saintly, and admiring her grace and beauty. Frankenstein’s mother dies of scarlet fever before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt. In a state of heavy grief, he throws himself into his studies. He learns about chemistry and modern scientific theories. Eventually he discovers the cause of life—and he becomes capable of animating matter. He works in a feverish excitement to build a being in the likeness of a man, but proportionally larger. His dreams of beauty and fame are crushed when his finished creation is, in fact, monstrous and completely repulsive. Disgusted with what he has created, Frankenstein runs out of his house and happens upon Clerval, who has come to the University as a fellow student. They return to Frankenstein’s place, but the creature has escaped. Utterly overwhelmed, Victor falls into an intense sickness. Clerval nurses him back to health. Frankenstein eventually decides to travel home to Geneva once he recovers. He receives a letter from his father, which relays the tragedy that his younger brother, William, was murdered. Frankenstein and Henry return home, and upon reaching Geneva, Frankenstein goes for a walk to see for himself the place where William was killed. On his walk, he spies the gigantic creature in the distance. He realizes that the creature is responsible for the murder, but he is unable to prove his theory. Justine, who was framed by the monster, is convicted and hanged. Frankenstein is heartbroken. He turns to nature for isolation and perspective, and to forget his human problems. Out in the wilderness, the monster seeks him out to talk. Part 3: The Creature’s Tale The creature takes over the novel’s narrative and tells Frankenstein his life story. Soon after his birth, he realizes that all people are terrified of him and hateful towards him solely because of his appearance. Chased away by villagers throwing stones, he runs to the wilderness where he can hide from civilization. He finds a place to call home close by a cottage. A family of peasants lives there peacefully. The creature observes them daily and grows very fond of them. His empathy for humankind expands and he longs to join them. When they are sad, he is sad, and when they are happy, he is happy. He learns to speak through observation, and calls them by their names: Mr. De Lacey, his son Felix, his daughter Agatha, and Safie, Felixs love and the daughter of a ruined Turkish merchant. The creature teaches himself to read. With literature, he displays a human consciousness, facing the existential questions of who and what he is. He discovers his ugliness, and manages to disturb himself deeply when he spies his own reflection in a pool of water. But the monster still wants to make his presence known to the De Lacey family. He talks with the blind father until the other peasants come home and are terrified. They drive the creature away; he then journeys to Frankenstein’s home, and happens upon William in the wood. He wishes to befriend the boy, believing his youth would make him less prejudiced, but William is just as disgusted and fearful as anyone else. In a rage the monster strangles him and frames Justine for the murder. After completing his story, the creature asks Frankenstein to create a female companion with similar deformities. The creature has come to terms with the fact that he won’t be able to have any relationships with humans. He believes his malicious acts are a result of his isolation and rejection. He gives Frankenstein an ultimatum: the master will either deliver a creature companion or all he holds dear will be destroyed. Part 4: Frankenstein’s Conclusion Frankenstein again picks up the narrative. He and Elizabeth make their mutual love known. Frankenstein then travels to England with Henry, so that he can finish his engagement with the monster away from his family and friends before he marries Elizabeth. They travel together for some time, and then separate in Scotland; Frankenstein begins his work there. He believes the creature is stalking him and is plagued by what he promised to do, as he is convinced that creating a female creature would lead to a race of devils. Ultimately, he fails to deliver his promise, despite the creature confronting him. The creature threatens that he will be with Frankenstein on his wedding night, but Frankenstein will not create another monster. He journeys on to Ireland and is immediately imprisoned. The creature has strangled Clerval, and Frankenstein is believed to be the suspect. In jail, he becomes deathly ill for several months. His father comes to his rescue, and when the grand jury validates the proof that Frankenstein was on the Orkney Islands when Clerval was killed, he is liberated. He and his father travel home. He marries Elizabeth and prepares to battle the creature, remembering the monster’s threat. But while he is readying himself, the monster strangles Elizabeth to death. The creature escapes into the night, and shortly afterwards, Frankenstein’s father dies as well. Frankenstein is devastated, and he vows to find the creature and destroy him. He follows the monster up to the North Pole, where he comes across Walton’s expedition, and thus rejoins his narrative to the present. Part 5: Walton’s Concluding Letters Captain Walton ends the story as he began it. Walton’s ship is trapped in the ice, resulting in the deaths of some of his crewmen. He fears mutiny; many want him to turn southward as soon as the ship is free. He debates whether or not to forge ahead or turn back. Frankenstein urges him to move forward with his journey and tells him that glory comes at the price of sacrifice. Walton ultimately turns the ship around to return home, and Frankenstein passes away. The monster then appears to find his creator dead. He tells Walton of his plan to go as far north as possible and die so that the whole sordid affair can finally end.

The Theory Of Psychology And Psychology - 1507 Words

Like any field in history, there has always been periods where theoretical foundations are built. The same can be said for psychology. This field has evolved greatly to be considered a science. Psychology has to go through similar process like hard sciences did before it. Psychology has to become widely acceptable by the public, not that psychology hasn’t earned the right to be called a Science with a capital† S†. As we advance throughout time psychology, is trying to grow into a â€Å"P† that is inclusive to all forms and perspectives of psychology and as the people that are involved from the psychologist, psychiatrist and the patients themselves. American Psychology went from being in the back to becoming the forefront of the field. What must be acknowledged is the disparities between white western psychology and people of color whether they are psychologist, researchers or patients. The journal article Liberating History: The Context of the Challenge of P sychologists of Color to American Psychology by Wade E. Pickren he details the fight for people of color to be recognized in psychology as phycologist and â€Å"human† patients during the 20s-century people of color were recognized as being savages and intellectually unfit under the framework of eugenics and scientific racism with in western psychology. In this journal article Pickren bring sup in the factor of identity within psychology and it being one of the major factors that challenged western psychology in America. For soShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. 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Pyschological Development and Learning Positivity - 871 Words

C.B. is a 82 year old white female that lives alone in San Antonio, Tx. She was born and raised in San Antonio, Tx and she is the youngest of two sisters. C.B. was raised only by her mother, because her father died when she was only 18 months old. She loved going to school and was very involved in high school. C.B. was in the pep squad, school newspaper, and was the assistant editor her senior year of high school. After graduating from high school C.B. went to school to be a certified public accountant and then worked as one for twenty years, and happy at this job. As time moved on she wanted a little more out of her job and decided to go back to school to be a RN. She worked as an RN at Methodist Children’s Hospital for an additional†¦show more content†¦Although, as C.B. grows older she is afraid of not being as agile as she once was. She also is afraid of not being able to take care of herself, and is afraid of losing her own thoughts and her body. One of the ma in things C.B. wants to be to accept help when needed and have the ability to recognize that she needs help. C.B. states that she feels like she has a long time prior to having someone help take care of her, and she hopes it will continue to be that way. Eric Erikson’s last stage of development is ego integrity vs. despair. Erikson’s theory is â€Å"Integrity [that] is built on morality and ethics (Varcarolis, Carson Shoemaker, 2006).† C.B. looks at her life as it is still in progress, and that she isnt at the end of her lifetime. Throughout the interview she did talk about her past, but she also talked about what lies in the future still. When C.B. looks back at her childhood she is using ordinary remembering, for example, when she talks about how her mother raised three children on her own, and didnt allow any of them to work while in school. On the other hand, when C.B. talks about how many children and families she helped during her time as a RN and looks at it as a Life Review and how her career helped her feel accomplished and complete. The memories from her childhood are just that memories, C.B. remembers things that happened but doesnt feel any self worth from them. Although, when she thinks about her career as a Pediatric Nurse C.B. feels

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 7 Free Essays

Gebo, she thought, one flash of coherence, of memory, just before her head slid under the water. Gebo, the rune of sacrifice. Oh, Tom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dying was painless-but sad. It hurt to think of the people she was leaving behind. She kept picturing her parents, imagining what they would say when Dee and the others got home and told them. If Dee and the others got home and told them. Her thoughts were very scattered, like dandelion fluff blowing erratically on the wind. Mr. and Mrs. Parker-Pearson-Summer’s parents -had been so hurt when they lost Summer. Jenny hated to think of her parents hurt that way. And Tom †¦ what would happen to Tom? Maybe Julian would let him go. No point in keeping him after Jenny was gone. But that didn’t seem likely. Julian was a Shadow Man, he belonged to a race that didn’t have gentle emotions. They weren’t capable of pity. Julian might take out his anger on Tom instead. Please, no, Jenny thought†¦ but it didn’t seem to matter that much anymore. Even her sadness was fading now-breaking up and floating away. She was dead, and she couldn’t change anything. Strange, though, that a dead person could suddenly feel pain-physical pain. A burning. The frigid water had stopped hurting a long time ago, and since then she’d had no sense of her own body. Trapped in absolute darkness and utter silence, too numb to feel any sensation, she didn’t seem to have a body. She was just a drifting collection of thoughts. But now-this burning had started. At first it seemed very distant and easy to ignore. But it didn’t stop. It got worse. She felt heat: a tingling, prickling heat that demanded her attention. And with the heat she began to have a body again. Hands. She could feel her hands now. And feet, she had feet. She had a face, defined by thousands of tiny red-hot needles. And she was aware of a vague, fuzzy glow. Open your eyes, she told herself. She couldn’t. They were too heavy, and everything hurt so much. She wanted to go back into the darkness where there wasn’t any pain. She willed the light to go away. â€Å"Jenny! Jenny!† Her name, called in tones of love and desperation. Poor Tom, she thought dimly. Tom needed her-and he must be frantic with worry. She should go to Tom. But it hurt. â€Å"Jenny. Please, Jenny, come back-â€Å" Oh, no. No, don’t cry. It’ll be all right. There was only one way to make it all right, and that was to come back. Forget how much it hurt. All right, do it, then. Jenny concentrated on the fuzzy glow, trying to make it come closer. Pulling herself toward it. The pain was terrible-her lungs hurt. But if she had lungs, she could breathe. Breathe, girl! It hurt like hell, and darkness sucked at her, trying to drag her down again. ‘ â€Å"That’s it, Jenny. Keep fighting Oh, Jenny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  With a tremendous effort she opened her eyes. Golden light dazzled her. Someone was rubbing her hands. I did it for you, Tom. But it wasn’t Tom. It was Julian. Julian was the one rubbing her hands, calling out to her. Golden light danced on his hair, his face. It was a fire, Jenny realized slowly, and she was in another cavern, slightly bigger than the last. She was dry, somehow, and lying in a sort of nest of white fur, very soft, very comfortable. The heat of the fire was bringing her back to life. The pain wasn’t so bad now, although there was still an unyielding knot of ice in her middle. And she felt weak-too weak and exhausted to think properly. It was Julian, not Tom-but she couldn’t really take that in. It didn’t even look like Julian †¦ because Jenny had never seen Julian look afraid. But now the blue eyes were dark with fear and as wide as a child’s-the pupils huge and dilated with emotion. Julian’s face, which had always seemed molded for arrogance and mockery, was white even in the firelight-and thinner somehow, as if the skin were drawn tight over bones. As for the dangerously beautiful smile that usually curved Julian’s lips †¦ there wasn’t a trace of it. Strangest of all, Julian seemed to be shaking. The hands that held Jenny’s had stopped their rubbing, but a fine, continuous tremor ran through them. And Jenny could see how quickly he was breathing by the way his chest rose and fell. â€Å"I thought you were dead,† he said in a muted voice. So did I. Jenny tried to say it, but only got as far as a hitching breath. â€Å"Here. Drink this, it should help.† And the next moment he was supporting her head, holding a steaming cup to her lips. The liquid was hot and sweet, and it sent warmth coursing into the cold, hard knot inside her, loosening it and chasing away the last of the pain. Jenny felt herself relaxing, lying still to absorb the fire’s heat. A feeling of well-being crept through her as Julian laid her back down. Gently. Julian was being gentle †¦ but Julian was never gentle. He belonged to a race that didn’t have gentle emotions. They didn’t feel tenderness, weren’t capable of pity. She probably shouldn’t even accept help from him-but he looked so haunted, like someone who had been through a terrible fright. â€Å"I thought I’d lost you,† he said. â€Å"Then you didn’t send the water?† He just looked at her. It didn’t seem to be the time for recriminations. Oh, she probably ought to say something-maybe list the kind of things he’d done to her in the past. He’d hunted her in every way imaginable. But here, now, in this little cavern surrounded by rock, with no one present but the two of them, and no sound but the soft roar and crackle of the fire †¦ all that seemed very far away. Part of a past life. Julian didn’t seem like a Shadow Man, didn’t seem like a hunter. After all, if he were a predator, he had his quarry right here, exhausted and helpless. He’d never have a better chance. If he wanted her, she wouldn’t even be able to put up a fight. Instead, he was looking at her with those queer dazed eyes, still black with emotion. â€Å"You would have cared if I died,† she said slowly. The eyes searched hers a moment, then looked away. â€Å"You really don’t know, do you?† he said in an odd voice. Jenny said nothing. She pulled herself up a little in the white nest, so she was sitting. â€Å"I’ve told you how I feel about you.† â€Å"Yes. But †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Julian had always said that he was in love with her-but Jenny had never sensed much tenderness in the emotion. She might have said this, but for some reason it seemed-inappropriate-to say it to someone who looked so lost. Like a child waiting for a blow. â€Å"But I’ve never understood why.† â€Å"Haven’t you.† It wasn’t even a question. â€Å"We’re so different.† Madness to be talking about this. But they were both looking at each other, now, quietly, as they had never sat and looked before. Eyes unwavering-but without challenge. It meant something to look into someone’s eyes this long, Jenny thought. She shouldn’t be doing it. But of course she had wondered, she had wondered from the beginning what he could possibly see in her. How he could want her-so much. Enough to watch over her since she was five years old, to pierce the veil between the worlds to come after her, to hunt her and stalk her as if he thought about nothing else. â€Å"Why, Julian?† she said softly. â€Å"Would you like a list?† His face was completely blank, his voice clipped and emotionless. â€Å"A-what?† â€Å"Hair like liquid amber, eyes green as the Nile,† he said, seeming utterly dispassionate about it. He could have been reading a page of homework assignments. â€Å"But it’s not the color, really, it’s the expression. The way they go so deep and soft when you’re thinking.† Jenny opened her mouth, but he was going on. â€Å"Skin that glows, especially when you’re excited. A golden sheen all over you.† â€Å"But-â€Å" â€Å"But there are lots of beautiful girls. Of course. You’re different. There’s something inside you that makes you different, a certain kind of spirit. You’re -innocent. Sweet, even after everything that’s been thrown at you. Gentle, but with a spirit like flame.† â€Å"I’m not,† Jenny said, almost frightened. â€Å"Audrey sometimes says I’m too simple – â€Å" â€Å"Simple as light and air-things people take for granted but that they’d die without. People really should think more about that.† Jenny did feel frightened now. This new Julian was dangerous-made her feel weak and dizzy. â€Å"When I first saw you, you were like a flood of sunshine. All the others wanted to kill you. They thought I was crazy. They laughed†¦ .† He means the other Shadow Men, Jenny thought. â€Å"But I knew, and I watched you. You grew up and got more beautiful. You were so different from anything in my world. The others just watched, but I wanted you. Not to kill or to use up the way-the way they do with humans sometimes here. I needed you.† There was something in his voice now besides clinical dispassion. It was-hunger, Jenny thought, but not the cold, malicious hunger she’d seen in the ancient eyes and the whispering voices of the other Shadow Men. It was as if Julian was hungry for something he’d never had, filled with a crippling need even he didn’t understand. â€Å"I couldn’t see anything else, couldn’t hear anything else. All I could think about was you. I wouldn’t let anyone else hurt you, ever. I knew I had to have you, no matter what happened. They said I was crazy with love.† He had gotten up and walked away to the edge of the firelight. As he stood there, Jenny seemed to see him for the first time, looking at him with new eyes. And he looked-small. Small and almost vulnerable. Nothing in the universe was moving except her heart, and that was shaking her body. She had never thought about what the other Shadow Men might say to Julian. She knew he was the youngest of a very old race, but she’d never thought about his life at all, or his point of view. She hadn’t thought about him having a point of view. â€Å"What’s it like, being-† She hesitated. â€Å"Being a Shadow Man? Watching from the dark places everything happening on the worlds that aren’t full of shadows? Earth has colors, you know, that you never find here.† â€Å"But-you can make anything you want. You can create it.† â€Å"It’s not the same. Things fade here. They don’t last.† â€Å"But why do you stay here, then? Instead of just watching us, you could-† Jenny stopped again. God, what was she saying? Inviting the Shadow Men to her own world? She took a deep breath. â€Å"If you could change-â€Å" â€Å"I can’t change what I am. None of us can. The rest of the nine worlds keep us out; they say our nature is destructive. We’re not welcome anywhere-but we’ll always be near Earth, watching. From the shadows.† There was something in his voice-too quiet and closed-off for bitterness. A-remoteness that was bleak beyond words. â€Å"Forever,† he finished. â€Å"Forever? You never die?† â€Å"Something that isn’t born can’t die. We have a-beginning, of course. Our names carved on a runestave, a special runestave.† He said, almost mockingly, â€Å"The stave of life.† There had been something about staves in her grandfather’s journal. A picture scrawled in ink, showing a sort of tall, flat branch with runes on it. â€Å"Carve our names on the stave-and we come into existence,† Julian said. â€Å"Cut them out-and we disappear.† It seemed very heartless to Jenny. Cold-but then the Shadow Men were cold. Not flesh and blood, but creatures that came into being through a carving in wood or stone. How cold to be a Shadow Man, she thought. And how sad. Condemned by your own destructiveness to be what you were forever. Julian was still standing at the edge of the firelight, face half in shadow, gazing at the darkness beyond. It gave Jenny a queer hollow feeling. What would it have been like, she wondered suddenly, if he hadn’t tried to force her? From the beginning Julian had used force and trickery. He’d lured her into the More Games store and enticed her into buying the Game, knowing that when she put the paper house together it would suck her into the Shadow World. He’d kidnapped her. And then he’d appeared and bullied her: forced her to play his own demonic game to try and win her freedom. He’d threatened her, hurt her friends-killed Summer. He’d done everything to try and wring submission out of her. â€Å"Couldn’t you just have come and asked?† she murmured. She’d said the same thing to him in the tower of the paper house. Didn’t that ever occur to you? That you could just appear at my front door, no games, no threats, and just ask me? But in the tower the words had been part of a ruse to get free, and she hadn’t really thought about them herself. Now she did. What if Julian had come to her, appearing some night out of the shadows while she was walking home, say, and told her that he loved her? What would she have done? She would have been afraid. Yes. But after the fear? If Julian had come, offering gifts, gentle, looking as vulnerable as he did now? If she had accepted his gifts †¦ It was a strange future, too strange to visualize, really, but queerly thrilling. It was too foreign to imagine: herself as a sort of princess with a prince of darkness as consort. For just an instant Jenny got a rushing, heady glimpse; for a fraction of a second she could picture it. Herself, wearing black silk and sable, sitting on a black marble throne in a big stone hall where it was always twilight. Growing paler and colder, maybe, as she forgot about the ordinary world she’d left behind -but happy, maybe, in her power and position. Would she have little Shadow World creatures to order around and look after? Servants? Would she be able to control the elements here the way Julian did? Or maybe not a black gown-maybe white, with little icicles all over it, like Hans Christian Andersen’s Snow Queen. And jewels like frost-flowers, around her neck and a blue-eyed white tiger crouching at her feet. What would Dee and Audrey think if they saw her like that? They might be afraid at first-but she’d serve them strange drinks, like the sweet, hot stuff in the mug, and after a while they’d get used to it. Audrey would envy the pretty things, and Dee would envy the power. What else? Julian had said she could have anything-anything. If she could have anything in the world she wanted, with no limits, no restrictions on her imagination-if she could have anything †¦ I’d want Tom. She’d forgotten him for a moment, because the picture of the big stone hall was so alien. Tom’s warmth and strength and lazy smile didn’t fit there at all-which of course made sense because Julian would never let him in. But any world without Tom was a world Jenny didn’t want. The vision of the white gown and the jewels disappeared, and she knew somehow that it would never come back, not the way it had for that one moment, when she could feel it and believe in it. She would never forget it, but she would never be able to recapture it, either. Just as well, she thought unsteadily. She didn’t want to think about this anymore; in fact, she thought it was high time that she got out of here. She was tingling all over with a sense of danger. â€Å"I’m warm now,† she said, pushing the white fur away. All she could think of was that she had to leave. She should thank him, maybe, for saving her life – although it wouldn’t have been in danger in the first place if not for him. He was looking at her. Jenny looked away, concentrated on getting her legs under her. When she stood, they were wobbly. She tried to step out of the white nest, and stumbled. He was there in an instant. She felt his warm hands close around her arms, steadying her. She stared at his chest, bare under the leather vest and lifting quickly with his breathing. The firelight touched everything with gold. She didn’t want to look up into his face, but somehow it happened anyway. His eyes were still hugely dilated, the blue mere circles around pupils dark and bottomless as midnight. His pupils always sprang open for her, she realized, but just now there was something haunting about those lonely depths. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she whispered, hardly knowing what she meant. â€Å"I have to* leave now. I’m sorry.† â€Å"I know.† In that instant he seemed to understand better than she did herself. He looked very young, and very tired, and heavy with some knowledge she didn’t share. Face still solemn, he leaned in slightly. Jenny shut her eyes. It was different from any kiss they’d ever had. Not because it was softer-Julian’s kisses were usually soft, at the beginning anyway. Not even because it was so slow-Julian’s kisses were almost always slow. But it was different, in a way that sent Jenny’s mind spinning into confusion. Feeling †¦ that was it. Not just sensation, but emotion. Emotion so strong that it left her shaking. It was such an innocent kiss, so-chaste. His warm mouth touching hers. His lips trembling against hers. How could something that simple move her so much? Because she could sense his feelings, she realized. When she touched his lips, she could feel his pain, the almost unendurable pain of someone whose heart was breaking with sadness. What she tasted on those warm, soft lips was unbearable loss. If he’d been dying, or she had, she would have been able to understand such a kiss. He’s suffering like that-from losing me? Jenny had never been particularly modest, but she could hardly believe it. She might have rejected the idea outright-except for what she was feeling herself. What she felt †¦ was a shattering inside. When he stepped back, Jenny was in something like a trance. She stood there, eyes shut, still feeling everything, unable to move. Tears welled up around her lashes. But Tom. The time in sixth grade when he’d broken his leg and sat in a tide pool, white but still wisecracking, holding on to Jenny’s hand, not letting anybody else see how bad the pain was. All the many times he’d held Jenny for her sake, when she got scared at movies, or when she cried over the stray animals she took in. He’d stayed up all night when she thought Cosette, the kitten she’d rescued-from a vacant lot, was dying. He had been part of her life since she was seven years old. He was a part of her. And Julian had hurt him. Julian had blown his chance right at the very beginning, when he’d done that. Jenny opened her eyes, the trance broken. She stepped back, and saw Julian’s face change. As if he knew exactly what she was thinking. â€Å"Tom needs me,† she said. Julian smiled then, grimly, in a way that chased the cobwebs out of Jenny’s brain. The lost, haunted look was gone, as if it had never existed. â€Å"Oh, yes. Tommy needs you like air. But I need you like-â€Å" â€Å"What?† Jenny said when it was clear he wasn’t going on. â€Å"Like light,† Julian said, with the same bitter smile. â€Å"You’re light, all right-like a flame to a moth. I told you once that you shouldn’t mess with forbidden things-I should have taken my own advice.† â€Å"Light shouldn’t be forbidden,† Jenny said. â€Å"It is to me. It’s deadly to a Shadow Man. Light kills shadows, don’t you know? And of course the other way around.† He seemed to find this amusing. He’d done one of his quicksilver mood changes, and looking at his face now, Jenny almost wondered if the last half hour had been a dream. â€Å"Don’t think that just because I pulled you out of the water, the Game is over,† he added. â€Å"You need three gold coins to get to your precious Tommy. And time’s tick, tick, ticking. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ve got one, remember. I-† Jenny broke off with an inarticulate noise, feeling in her jeans pocket. The Swiss Army knife was still there, but the gold doubloon he’d tossed her in the cavern was gone. â€Å"But I had it. It must have fallen out-â€Å" â€Å"Sorry. Only one turn to a customer. No replays. Do not pass Go, do not collect two hundred dollars.† â€Å"You-† Jenny broke off again. Her anger drained, but she felt something inside herself harden, ice over. All right, then. She must have been crazy, feeling sorry for Julian-Julian!-but now she knew better. They were opponents, as always, playing against each other in a Game that was as cutthroat and pitiless as Julian himself. â€Å"I’ll get the coins-if you give me the chance. I can’t do much in here,† she said. â€Å"True. Exit doors are to the left. Please watch your step and keep moving. We hope you’ve enjoyed the ride.† Jenny turned and saw a rectangle of dim light. It hadn’t been there before. She took a breath and started toward it, careful to walk straight. She didn’t mean to look back. But as she got close to the door, close enough to see that it looked like an ordinary double door, like the kind that led out of Space Mountain at Disneyland, she threw a quick glance over her shoulder. He was standing where she’d left him, a black silhouette in front of the fire. She couldn’t tell anything by his posture. She turned away and stepped through the door, blinking. She could see tiny distant lights, lots of them, sparkling and wheeling in a dazzling display. â€Å"What-?† she whispered. Something grabbed her. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 7, Essay examples

Incorporating Complexity Science Theory †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss abouty the Incorporating Complexity Science Theory. Answer: Introduction: Health is one of the central theories of the nursing practise. However, the concept of health is complex and encompasses multiple dimensions (Alslman et al., 2015). According to World Health Organisation, health is a complex state of mental, physical and social wellbeing of a person and is not solely inclined towards the presence or absence of the disease. Nursing professionals consider health as cumulative effect of subjective experience and defined health as a multifaceted concept that includes mental health, physical health and spiritual dimension. According to epistemological concept, health is defines as a condition related to absence of disease. Under this approach, the concept of nursing is directed towards the biomedical adaptation of the patient including biological, psychological and sociocultural domain. It also emphasize on goal directed behaviour of the individual along with productive living. As the logical concept, there is a close consideration between the health and well-being so the nursing approach will not only be directed towards the physical well-being but will also be directed towards the mental well-being (Alslman et al., 2015). Under the pragmatic approach, the spiritual background of a patient is also taken into consideration for the overall improvement of the mental and physical health. According to the lingustical approach, health in nursing discipline must be oriented in a manner that is in sync with the philosophical presuppositions. Apart from this there are several nursing definitions of health (Alslman et al., 2015). Health at times is defined as movement of personality in the forward direction via interpersonal activities, promoting constructive living (Henderson, 1966). Orem (1971, 1980, 1995) has defined health in a nursing care as wholeness of mental and body functioning. Health at times is defined as a reflected level of well-being of life (Neuman, 1989). Proper definition of health helps in optimised nursing diagnosis prov iding proper nursing intervention (Lyon, 2012). Under ontological schools of thought, nursing is defined as an inherent process that is solely directed towards the wellbeing of the humans, manifested via the intregration and complexity of the human systems. The four major schools of ontological school of thoughts are Critical Theory, Post-positivism, Complexity/Relationality, and Human Science. Critical theory or social critical theory represents a school of thought that vouch for reflective assessment and stringent critique of the culture and the society via implementing the education derived from social science and humanities. This critical theory was first discussed by a group of researchers in Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany. This critical theory has emerged as an important research orientation in the domain of nursing care. It bestows the nursing profession with some board and new questions and also offers an extended knowledge on nursing care. Critical theory assists advancement in nursing understanding in everyday practice. It also helps in the identification of some critical problem associated with the nursing research, provide basis of carrying out actions for the overall improvement of the well-being of human, and provide logic behind transforming the stereotype and helps in the establishment of the new nursing care techniques that aims to withd raw the reinforcement over inequality (Mill, Allen Morrow, 2016). Positivism and Postpositivism In the models of scientific inquiry and philosophy, post positivism also known as postempiricism is a kind of metatheoretical instance that amends or criticizes the concept of positivism. The theory of positivism states that the researched person upon which the research has been conducted are independent to each other. Postpositive does not considers these two entities to be separate and propose that there lies a fine thread of connection between them. According to post positivism, the background, knowledge and the values of the researcher modulates the results or have a strong influence over the researcher person. Positivist claims that they are aware of the reality and tries to discover the universal truth under the influence of the correspondence model via recognizing the futileness of gaining definite understanding of reality. Post positivism does not abide by this concept. However, just like the concept of positivism, post positivism theory recognises the possible effect of bias es. It gives emphasis to stress, coping, adaptation, prevention, intervention. In spite of the openness of the post positivism theory, it is often argued that post positivism carries some of the weakness of the positivism theory (Clark, 1998). Human beings live in a relation with complex human communities and other broader systems and the healthcare professionals are gradually becoming aware of this concept. Through a process of mutual influence, the complex human beings and their systems are evolving via following a nonlinear path. The standardise approach in the field of management of chronic disease fail to address these non-linear linkage. Such traditional approaches also overlook the meaning and changes that have a huge impact on the day to day life human beings along with the caring for the family. Nurses come from a place of complexity. Under this aura of complexity, they need to understand lived experience like fear, hope, violence and sufferings. Moreover, the majority of the nurses who work with in communities gain a deep understanding of these complexities and ambiguities. Following the basis of complexity of the relation, the role of the registered nurse is to address these complexities and ambiguities of the p atients who are suffering from chronic illness in order to deliver patient-centred care and support, which are unique in response to the context of the person. The complexity of thinking and relational inquiry helps the Registered nurse to deliver innovation in the domain of creative care within the groups or communities and thereby shaping the health and the nature of living (James, 2010). Human Science/Caring This domain of ontology under the school of nursing is based on certain core principles like nursing practise with a caring and kind attitude, appropriate cultivation of the patients spiritual thoughts towards the path of the wholeness of the spirit, body or mind and being open to the miracles or openness towards the inexplicable and unexpected events of life (Mitchell Cody, 1992). It aims to preach the nursing profession based on the domain of moral, ethics and philosophical foundation of cultural values. According to Jean Watson, nurses must go beyond their ego and spiritual belief while serving a patient and this falls under the banner of transpersonal caring relationship. Jean Watson also put emphasis on the heart-centred interaction with another person; encourages multiple wings to increasing knowledge and consciousness and presence to the humanism of self (Sitzman Watson 2013). Human sciences provides important framework in the domain of nursing research management, practice and proper development of knowledge. Human Science also involves proper understanding and study of the human begins. The phenomenological perspective of human science holds paramount importance in the domain of nursing research. It enables the nurses to understand the individuals insights into via citing their experiences in relation to well-being and healthy life. According to Heidegger (1962), the actual meaning of being can be comprehended via understanding the reason for human existence. He also focused on human experience to develop unique human science theory on nursing practise. For example, if a patient is complaining about pain, aHeideggerian-influenced nurse would critically consider the actual reason residing behind the experience of pain. She would not merely accept the level of pain described by the patient. The nursing concept based on the human science emphasises proper u nderstanding of the patient context behind symptom or disease manifestation (Pratt, 2012). As per my knowledge, the mainstream nursing knowledge is dominated by post-positivist view. This is a kind of paradigm that promotes the application of objective knowledge without giving any importance to the human experiences, in the domain of nursing knowledge development (Pratt, 2012). While on the other hand, human science promotes proper development of the nursing knowledge via taking the patient experience into consideration and amalgamating that experience with the theory of human physiology. The Complexity/Relationality promotes goodness of health via defining nursing approach under the banner of openness, energy field, pattern, pan dimensionality, knowing participation, time, space and movement. Critical theory assists advancement in nursing understanding delivering proper social justice, prevention of gender-based violence and intersectionality (James, 2010). References Alslman, E. T., Ahmad, M. M., Bani Hani, M. A., Atiyeh, H. M. (2015). Health: A Developing Concept in Nursing.International journal of nursing knowledge,28(2), 64-69. Clark, A. M. (1998). The qualitative?quantitative debate: moving from positivism and confrontation to post?positivism and reconciliation management.Journal of advanced nursing,vol. 27(6), pp. 1242-1249. James, K. (2010). Incorporating Complexity Science Theory into Nursing Curricula. Creative Nursing, 16(3), 137-142 6p. https://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=105118352site=ehost-live Lyon, B. L. (2012a). Nursing-focused conceptualizations of health. In V. H. Rice (Ed.), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,vol. 33(2). Mitchell, G. J., Cody, W. K. (1992). Nursing knowledge and human science: Ontological and epistemological considerations.Nursing Science Quarterly,5(2), 54-61. Pratt, M. (2012). The utility of human sciences in nursing inquiry.Nurse researcher,vol. 19(3), pp. 12-15. Sitzman, K., Watson, J. (2013).Caring science, mindful practice: Implementing Watson's human caring theory. Springer Publishing Company.