The Theory Of Psychology And Psychology - 1507 Words

Like any field in history, there has always been periods where theoretical foundations are built. The same can be said for psychology. This field has evolved greatly to be considered a science. Psychology has to go through similar process like hard sciences did before it. Psychology has to become widely acceptable by the public, not that psychology hasn’t earned the right to be called a Science with a capital† S†. As we advance throughout time psychology, is trying to grow into a â€Å"P† that is inclusive to all forms and perspectives of psychology and as the people that are involved from the psychologist, psychiatrist and the patients themselves. American Psychology went from being in the back to becoming the forefront of the field. What must be acknowledged is the disparities between white western psychology and people of color whether they are psychologist, researchers or patients. The journal article Liberating History: The Context of the Challenge of P sychologists of Color to American Psychology by Wade E. Pickren he details the fight for people of color to be recognized in psychology as phycologist and â€Å"human† patients during the 20s-century people of color were recognized as being savages and intellectually unfit under the framework of eugenics and scientific racism with in western psychology. In this journal article Pickren bring sup in the factor of identity within psychology and it being one of the major factors that challenged western psychology in America. For soShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout long history of psychology, there are many brilliant and remarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. 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Wundt used controlled experiments to investigate the mind by using a method called introspection which examined an individual’s mental state to gain an understanding of how our mind works. This approach became known as Structuralism, deals with the study of the conscious mind, with the idea that the conscious mind can be broken down into basicRead MorePsychology Theories And Theories Of Psychology984 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and beliefs about where psychopathology originates from, that is the beauty of psychology. We can have different views that match or mismatch-specific clients and the services they are seeking, but each approach is beneficial one way or the other. To me, psychopathology originates from our thoughts. The causes of human suffering are problematic thoughts or beliefs. Our thoughts play such an important role in our behaviors and actions. If we have a problem atic thought, this

Pyschological Development and Learning Positivity - 871 Words

C.B. is a 82 year old white female that lives alone in San Antonio, Tx. She was born and raised in San Antonio, Tx and she is the youngest of two sisters. C.B. was raised only by her mother, because her father died when she was only 18 months old. She loved going to school and was very involved in high school. C.B. was in the pep squad, school newspaper, and was the assistant editor her senior year of high school. After graduating from high school C.B. went to school to be a certified public accountant and then worked as one for twenty years, and happy at this job. As time moved on she wanted a little more out of her job and decided to go back to school to be a RN. She worked as an RN at Methodist Children’s Hospital for an additional†¦show more content†¦Although, as C.B. grows older she is afraid of not being as agile as she once was. She also is afraid of not being able to take care of herself, and is afraid of losing her own thoughts and her body. One of the ma in things C.B. wants to be to accept help when needed and have the ability to recognize that she needs help. C.B. states that she feels like she has a long time prior to having someone help take care of her, and she hopes it will continue to be that way. Eric Erikson’s last stage of development is ego integrity vs. despair. Erikson’s theory is â€Å"Integrity [that] is built on morality and ethics (Varcarolis, Carson Shoemaker, 2006).† C.B. looks at her life as it is still in progress, and that she isnt at the end of her lifetime. Throughout the interview she did talk about her past, but she also talked about what lies in the future still. When C.B. looks back at her childhood she is using ordinary remembering, for example, when she talks about how her mother raised three children on her own, and didnt allow any of them to work while in school. On the other hand, when C.B. talks about how many children and families she helped during her time as a RN and looks at it as a Life Review and how her career helped her feel accomplished and complete. The memories from her childhood are just that memories, C.B. remembers things that happened but doesnt feel any self worth from them. Although, when she thinks about her career as a Pediatric Nurse C.B. feels

The Forbidden Game The Kill Chapter 7 Free Essays

Gebo, she thought, one flash of coherence, of memory, just before her head slid under the water. Gebo, the rune of sacrifice. Oh, Tom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dying was painless-but sad. It hurt to think of the people she was leaving behind. She kept picturing her parents, imagining what they would say when Dee and the others got home and told them. If Dee and the others got home and told them. Her thoughts were very scattered, like dandelion fluff blowing erratically on the wind. Mr. and Mrs. Parker-Pearson-Summer’s parents -had been so hurt when they lost Summer. Jenny hated to think of her parents hurt that way. And Tom †¦ what would happen to Tom? Maybe Julian would let him go. No point in keeping him after Jenny was gone. But that didn’t seem likely. Julian was a Shadow Man, he belonged to a race that didn’t have gentle emotions. They weren’t capable of pity. Julian might take out his anger on Tom instead. Please, no, Jenny thought†¦ but it didn’t seem to matter that much anymore. Even her sadness was fading now-breaking up and floating away. She was dead, and she couldn’t change anything. Strange, though, that a dead person could suddenly feel pain-physical pain. A burning. The frigid water had stopped hurting a long time ago, and since then she’d had no sense of her own body. Trapped in absolute darkness and utter silence, too numb to feel any sensation, she didn’t seem to have a body. She was just a drifting collection of thoughts. But now-this burning had started. At first it seemed very distant and easy to ignore. But it didn’t stop. It got worse. She felt heat: a tingling, prickling heat that demanded her attention. And with the heat she began to have a body again. Hands. She could feel her hands now. And feet, she had feet. She had a face, defined by thousands of tiny red-hot needles. And she was aware of a vague, fuzzy glow. Open your eyes, she told herself. She couldn’t. They were too heavy, and everything hurt so much. She wanted to go back into the darkness where there wasn’t any pain. She willed the light to go away. â€Å"Jenny! Jenny!† Her name, called in tones of love and desperation. Poor Tom, she thought dimly. Tom needed her-and he must be frantic with worry. She should go to Tom. But it hurt. â€Å"Jenny. Please, Jenny, come back-â€Å" Oh, no. No, don’t cry. It’ll be all right. There was only one way to make it all right, and that was to come back. Forget how much it hurt. All right, do it, then. Jenny concentrated on the fuzzy glow, trying to make it come closer. Pulling herself toward it. The pain was terrible-her lungs hurt. But if she had lungs, she could breathe. Breathe, girl! It hurt like hell, and darkness sucked at her, trying to drag her down again. ‘ â€Å"That’s it, Jenny. Keep fighting Oh, Jenny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  With a tremendous effort she opened her eyes. Golden light dazzled her. Someone was rubbing her hands. I did it for you, Tom. But it wasn’t Tom. It was Julian. Julian was the one rubbing her hands, calling out to her. Golden light danced on his hair, his face. It was a fire, Jenny realized slowly, and she was in another cavern, slightly bigger than the last. She was dry, somehow, and lying in a sort of nest of white fur, very soft, very comfortable. The heat of the fire was bringing her back to life. The pain wasn’t so bad now, although there was still an unyielding knot of ice in her middle. And she felt weak-too weak and exhausted to think properly. It was Julian, not Tom-but she couldn’t really take that in. It didn’t even look like Julian †¦ because Jenny had never seen Julian look afraid. But now the blue eyes were dark with fear and as wide as a child’s-the pupils huge and dilated with emotion. Julian’s face, which had always seemed molded for arrogance and mockery, was white even in the firelight-and thinner somehow, as if the skin were drawn tight over bones. As for the dangerously beautiful smile that usually curved Julian’s lips †¦ there wasn’t a trace of it. Strangest of all, Julian seemed to be shaking. The hands that held Jenny’s had stopped their rubbing, but a fine, continuous tremor ran through them. And Jenny could see how quickly he was breathing by the way his chest rose and fell. â€Å"I thought you were dead,† he said in a muted voice. So did I. Jenny tried to say it, but only got as far as a hitching breath. â€Å"Here. Drink this, it should help.† And the next moment he was supporting her head, holding a steaming cup to her lips. The liquid was hot and sweet, and it sent warmth coursing into the cold, hard knot inside her, loosening it and chasing away the last of the pain. Jenny felt herself relaxing, lying still to absorb the fire’s heat. A feeling of well-being crept through her as Julian laid her back down. Gently. Julian was being gentle †¦ but Julian was never gentle. He belonged to a race that didn’t have gentle emotions. They didn’t feel tenderness, weren’t capable of pity. She probably shouldn’t even accept help from him-but he looked so haunted, like someone who had been through a terrible fright. â€Å"I thought I’d lost you,† he said. â€Å"Then you didn’t send the water?† He just looked at her. It didn’t seem to be the time for recriminations. Oh, she probably ought to say something-maybe list the kind of things he’d done to her in the past. He’d hunted her in every way imaginable. But here, now, in this little cavern surrounded by rock, with no one present but the two of them, and no sound but the soft roar and crackle of the fire †¦ all that seemed very far away. Part of a past life. Julian didn’t seem like a Shadow Man, didn’t seem like a hunter. After all, if he were a predator, he had his quarry right here, exhausted and helpless. He’d never have a better chance. If he wanted her, she wouldn’t even be able to put up a fight. Instead, he was looking at her with those queer dazed eyes, still black with emotion. â€Å"You would have cared if I died,† she said slowly. The eyes searched hers a moment, then looked away. â€Å"You really don’t know, do you?† he said in an odd voice. Jenny said nothing. She pulled herself up a little in the white nest, so she was sitting. â€Å"I’ve told you how I feel about you.† â€Å"Yes. But †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Julian had always said that he was in love with her-but Jenny had never sensed much tenderness in the emotion. She might have said this, but for some reason it seemed-inappropriate-to say it to someone who looked so lost. Like a child waiting for a blow. â€Å"But I’ve never understood why.† â€Å"Haven’t you.† It wasn’t even a question. â€Å"We’re so different.† Madness to be talking about this. But they were both looking at each other, now, quietly, as they had never sat and looked before. Eyes unwavering-but without challenge. It meant something to look into someone’s eyes this long, Jenny thought. She shouldn’t be doing it. But of course she had wondered, she had wondered from the beginning what he could possibly see in her. How he could want her-so much. Enough to watch over her since she was five years old, to pierce the veil between the worlds to come after her, to hunt her and stalk her as if he thought about nothing else. â€Å"Why, Julian?† she said softly. â€Å"Would you like a list?† His face was completely blank, his voice clipped and emotionless. â€Å"A-what?† â€Å"Hair like liquid amber, eyes green as the Nile,† he said, seeming utterly dispassionate about it. He could have been reading a page of homework assignments. â€Å"But it’s not the color, really, it’s the expression. The way they go so deep and soft when you’re thinking.† Jenny opened her mouth, but he was going on. â€Å"Skin that glows, especially when you’re excited. A golden sheen all over you.† â€Å"But-â€Å" â€Å"But there are lots of beautiful girls. Of course. You’re different. There’s something inside you that makes you different, a certain kind of spirit. You’re -innocent. Sweet, even after everything that’s been thrown at you. Gentle, but with a spirit like flame.† â€Å"I’m not,† Jenny said, almost frightened. â€Å"Audrey sometimes says I’m too simple – â€Å" â€Å"Simple as light and air-things people take for granted but that they’d die without. People really should think more about that.† Jenny did feel frightened now. This new Julian was dangerous-made her feel weak and dizzy. â€Å"When I first saw you, you were like a flood of sunshine. All the others wanted to kill you. They thought I was crazy. They laughed†¦ .† He means the other Shadow Men, Jenny thought. â€Å"But I knew, and I watched you. You grew up and got more beautiful. You were so different from anything in my world. The others just watched, but I wanted you. Not to kill or to use up the way-the way they do with humans sometimes here. I needed you.† There was something in his voice now besides clinical dispassion. It was-hunger, Jenny thought, but not the cold, malicious hunger she’d seen in the ancient eyes and the whispering voices of the other Shadow Men. It was as if Julian was hungry for something he’d never had, filled with a crippling need even he didn’t understand. â€Å"I couldn’t see anything else, couldn’t hear anything else. All I could think about was you. I wouldn’t let anyone else hurt you, ever. I knew I had to have you, no matter what happened. They said I was crazy with love.† He had gotten up and walked away to the edge of the firelight. As he stood there, Jenny seemed to see him for the first time, looking at him with new eyes. And he looked-small. Small and almost vulnerable. Nothing in the universe was moving except her heart, and that was shaking her body. She had never thought about what the other Shadow Men might say to Julian. She knew he was the youngest of a very old race, but she’d never thought about his life at all, or his point of view. She hadn’t thought about him having a point of view. â€Å"What’s it like, being-† She hesitated. â€Å"Being a Shadow Man? Watching from the dark places everything happening on the worlds that aren’t full of shadows? Earth has colors, you know, that you never find here.† â€Å"But-you can make anything you want. You can create it.† â€Å"It’s not the same. Things fade here. They don’t last.† â€Å"But why do you stay here, then? Instead of just watching us, you could-† Jenny stopped again. God, what was she saying? Inviting the Shadow Men to her own world? She took a deep breath. â€Å"If you could change-â€Å" â€Å"I can’t change what I am. None of us can. The rest of the nine worlds keep us out; they say our nature is destructive. We’re not welcome anywhere-but we’ll always be near Earth, watching. From the shadows.† There was something in his voice-too quiet and closed-off for bitterness. A-remoteness that was bleak beyond words. â€Å"Forever,† he finished. â€Å"Forever? You never die?† â€Å"Something that isn’t born can’t die. We have a-beginning, of course. Our names carved on a runestave, a special runestave.† He said, almost mockingly, â€Å"The stave of life.† There had been something about staves in her grandfather’s journal. A picture scrawled in ink, showing a sort of tall, flat branch with runes on it. â€Å"Carve our names on the stave-and we come into existence,† Julian said. â€Å"Cut them out-and we disappear.† It seemed very heartless to Jenny. Cold-but then the Shadow Men were cold. Not flesh and blood, but creatures that came into being through a carving in wood or stone. How cold to be a Shadow Man, she thought. And how sad. Condemned by your own destructiveness to be what you were forever. Julian was still standing at the edge of the firelight, face half in shadow, gazing at the darkness beyond. It gave Jenny a queer hollow feeling. What would it have been like, she wondered suddenly, if he hadn’t tried to force her? From the beginning Julian had used force and trickery. He’d lured her into the More Games store and enticed her into buying the Game, knowing that when she put the paper house together it would suck her into the Shadow World. He’d kidnapped her. And then he’d appeared and bullied her: forced her to play his own demonic game to try and win her freedom. He’d threatened her, hurt her friends-killed Summer. He’d done everything to try and wring submission out of her. â€Å"Couldn’t you just have come and asked?† she murmured. She’d said the same thing to him in the tower of the paper house. Didn’t that ever occur to you? That you could just appear at my front door, no games, no threats, and just ask me? But in the tower the words had been part of a ruse to get free, and she hadn’t really thought about them herself. Now she did. What if Julian had come to her, appearing some night out of the shadows while she was walking home, say, and told her that he loved her? What would she have done? She would have been afraid. Yes. But after the fear? If Julian had come, offering gifts, gentle, looking as vulnerable as he did now? If she had accepted his gifts †¦ It was a strange future, too strange to visualize, really, but queerly thrilling. It was too foreign to imagine: herself as a sort of princess with a prince of darkness as consort. For just an instant Jenny got a rushing, heady glimpse; for a fraction of a second she could picture it. Herself, wearing black silk and sable, sitting on a black marble throne in a big stone hall where it was always twilight. Growing paler and colder, maybe, as she forgot about the ordinary world she’d left behind -but happy, maybe, in her power and position. Would she have little Shadow World creatures to order around and look after? Servants? Would she be able to control the elements here the way Julian did? Or maybe not a black gown-maybe white, with little icicles all over it, like Hans Christian Andersen’s Snow Queen. And jewels like frost-flowers, around her neck and a blue-eyed white tiger crouching at her feet. What would Dee and Audrey think if they saw her like that? They might be afraid at first-but she’d serve them strange drinks, like the sweet, hot stuff in the mug, and after a while they’d get used to it. Audrey would envy the pretty things, and Dee would envy the power. What else? Julian had said she could have anything-anything. If she could have anything in the world she wanted, with no limits, no restrictions on her imagination-if she could have anything †¦ I’d want Tom. She’d forgotten him for a moment, because the picture of the big stone hall was so alien. Tom’s warmth and strength and lazy smile didn’t fit there at all-which of course made sense because Julian would never let him in. But any world without Tom was a world Jenny didn’t want. The vision of the white gown and the jewels disappeared, and she knew somehow that it would never come back, not the way it had for that one moment, when she could feel it and believe in it. She would never forget it, but she would never be able to recapture it, either. Just as well, she thought unsteadily. She didn’t want to think about this anymore; in fact, she thought it was high time that she got out of here. She was tingling all over with a sense of danger. â€Å"I’m warm now,† she said, pushing the white fur away. All she could think of was that she had to leave. She should thank him, maybe, for saving her life – although it wouldn’t have been in danger in the first place if not for him. He was looking at her. Jenny looked away, concentrated on getting her legs under her. When she stood, they were wobbly. She tried to step out of the white nest, and stumbled. He was there in an instant. She felt his warm hands close around her arms, steadying her. She stared at his chest, bare under the leather vest and lifting quickly with his breathing. The firelight touched everything with gold. She didn’t want to look up into his face, but somehow it happened anyway. His eyes were still hugely dilated, the blue mere circles around pupils dark and bottomless as midnight. His pupils always sprang open for her, she realized, but just now there was something haunting about those lonely depths. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she whispered, hardly knowing what she meant. â€Å"I have to* leave now. I’m sorry.† â€Å"I know.† In that instant he seemed to understand better than she did herself. He looked very young, and very tired, and heavy with some knowledge she didn’t share. Face still solemn, he leaned in slightly. Jenny shut her eyes. It was different from any kiss they’d ever had. Not because it was softer-Julian’s kisses were usually soft, at the beginning anyway. Not even because it was so slow-Julian’s kisses were almost always slow. But it was different, in a way that sent Jenny’s mind spinning into confusion. Feeling †¦ that was it. Not just sensation, but emotion. Emotion so strong that it left her shaking. It was such an innocent kiss, so-chaste. His warm mouth touching hers. His lips trembling against hers. How could something that simple move her so much? Because she could sense his feelings, she realized. When she touched his lips, she could feel his pain, the almost unendurable pain of someone whose heart was breaking with sadness. What she tasted on those warm, soft lips was unbearable loss. If he’d been dying, or she had, she would have been able to understand such a kiss. He’s suffering like that-from losing me? Jenny had never been particularly modest, but she could hardly believe it. She might have rejected the idea outright-except for what she was feeling herself. What she felt †¦ was a shattering inside. When he stepped back, Jenny was in something like a trance. She stood there, eyes shut, still feeling everything, unable to move. Tears welled up around her lashes. But Tom. The time in sixth grade when he’d broken his leg and sat in a tide pool, white but still wisecracking, holding on to Jenny’s hand, not letting anybody else see how bad the pain was. All the many times he’d held Jenny for her sake, when she got scared at movies, or when she cried over the stray animals she took in. He’d stayed up all night when she thought Cosette, the kitten she’d rescued-from a vacant lot, was dying. He had been part of her life since she was seven years old. He was a part of her. And Julian had hurt him. Julian had blown his chance right at the very beginning, when he’d done that. Jenny opened her eyes, the trance broken. She stepped back, and saw Julian’s face change. As if he knew exactly what she was thinking. â€Å"Tom needs me,† she said. Julian smiled then, grimly, in a way that chased the cobwebs out of Jenny’s brain. The lost, haunted look was gone, as if it had never existed. â€Å"Oh, yes. Tommy needs you like air. But I need you like-â€Å" â€Å"What?† Jenny said when it was clear he wasn’t going on. â€Å"Like light,† Julian said, with the same bitter smile. â€Å"You’re light, all right-like a flame to a moth. I told you once that you shouldn’t mess with forbidden things-I should have taken my own advice.† â€Å"Light shouldn’t be forbidden,† Jenny said. â€Å"It is to me. It’s deadly to a Shadow Man. Light kills shadows, don’t you know? And of course the other way around.† He seemed to find this amusing. He’d done one of his quicksilver mood changes, and looking at his face now, Jenny almost wondered if the last half hour had been a dream. â€Å"Don’t think that just because I pulled you out of the water, the Game is over,† he added. â€Å"You need three gold coins to get to your precious Tommy. And time’s tick, tick, ticking. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ve got one, remember. I-† Jenny broke off with an inarticulate noise, feeling in her jeans pocket. The Swiss Army knife was still there, but the gold doubloon he’d tossed her in the cavern was gone. â€Å"But I had it. It must have fallen out-â€Å" â€Å"Sorry. Only one turn to a customer. No replays. Do not pass Go, do not collect two hundred dollars.† â€Å"You-† Jenny broke off again. Her anger drained, but she felt something inside herself harden, ice over. All right, then. She must have been crazy, feeling sorry for Julian-Julian!-but now she knew better. They were opponents, as always, playing against each other in a Game that was as cutthroat and pitiless as Julian himself. â€Å"I’ll get the coins-if you give me the chance. I can’t do much in here,† she said. â€Å"True. Exit doors are to the left. Please watch your step and keep moving. We hope you’ve enjoyed the ride.† Jenny turned and saw a rectangle of dim light. It hadn’t been there before. She took a breath and started toward it, careful to walk straight. She didn’t mean to look back. But as she got close to the door, close enough to see that it looked like an ordinary double door, like the kind that led out of Space Mountain at Disneyland, she threw a quick glance over her shoulder. He was standing where she’d left him, a black silhouette in front of the fire. She couldn’t tell anything by his posture. She turned away and stepped through the door, blinking. She could see tiny distant lights, lots of them, sparkling and wheeling in a dazzling display. â€Å"What-?† she whispered. Something grabbed her. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Kill Chapter 7, Essay examples

Incorporating Complexity Science Theory †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss abouty the Incorporating Complexity Science Theory. Answer: Introduction: Health is one of the central theories of the nursing practise. However, the concept of health is complex and encompasses multiple dimensions (Alslman et al., 2015). According to World Health Organisation, health is a complex state of mental, physical and social wellbeing of a person and is not solely inclined towards the presence or absence of the disease. Nursing professionals consider health as cumulative effect of subjective experience and defined health as a multifaceted concept that includes mental health, physical health and spiritual dimension. According to epistemological concept, health is defines as a condition related to absence of disease. Under this approach, the concept of nursing is directed towards the biomedical adaptation of the patient including biological, psychological and sociocultural domain. It also emphasize on goal directed behaviour of the individual along with productive living. As the logical concept, there is a close consideration between the health and well-being so the nursing approach will not only be directed towards the physical well-being but will also be directed towards the mental well-being (Alslman et al., 2015). Under the pragmatic approach, the spiritual background of a patient is also taken into consideration for the overall improvement of the mental and physical health. According to the lingustical approach, health in nursing discipline must be oriented in a manner that is in sync with the philosophical presuppositions. Apart from this there are several nursing definitions of health (Alslman et al., 2015). Health at times is defined as movement of personality in the forward direction via interpersonal activities, promoting constructive living (Henderson, 1966). Orem (1971, 1980, 1995) has defined health in a nursing care as wholeness of mental and body functioning. Health at times is defined as a reflected level of well-being of life (Neuman, 1989). Proper definition of health helps in optimised nursing diagnosis prov iding proper nursing intervention (Lyon, 2012). Under ontological schools of thought, nursing is defined as an inherent process that is solely directed towards the wellbeing of the humans, manifested via the intregration and complexity of the human systems. The four major schools of ontological school of thoughts are Critical Theory, Post-positivism, Complexity/Relationality, and Human Science. Critical theory or social critical theory represents a school of thought that vouch for reflective assessment and stringent critique of the culture and the society via implementing the education derived from social science and humanities. This critical theory was first discussed by a group of researchers in Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt, Germany. This critical theory has emerged as an important research orientation in the domain of nursing care. It bestows the nursing profession with some board and new questions and also offers an extended knowledge on nursing care. Critical theory assists advancement in nursing understanding in everyday practice. It also helps in the identification of some critical problem associated with the nursing research, provide basis of carrying out actions for the overall improvement of the well-being of human, and provide logic behind transforming the stereotype and helps in the establishment of the new nursing care techniques that aims to withd raw the reinforcement over inequality (Mill, Allen Morrow, 2016). Positivism and Postpositivism In the models of scientific inquiry and philosophy, post positivism also known as postempiricism is a kind of metatheoretical instance that amends or criticizes the concept of positivism. The theory of positivism states that the researched person upon which the research has been conducted are independent to each other. Postpositive does not considers these two entities to be separate and propose that there lies a fine thread of connection between them. According to post positivism, the background, knowledge and the values of the researcher modulates the results or have a strong influence over the researcher person. Positivist claims that they are aware of the reality and tries to discover the universal truth under the influence of the correspondence model via recognizing the futileness of gaining definite understanding of reality. Post positivism does not abide by this concept. However, just like the concept of positivism, post positivism theory recognises the possible effect of bias es. It gives emphasis to stress, coping, adaptation, prevention, intervention. In spite of the openness of the post positivism theory, it is often argued that post positivism carries some of the weakness of the positivism theory (Clark, 1998). Human beings live in a relation with complex human communities and other broader systems and the healthcare professionals are gradually becoming aware of this concept. Through a process of mutual influence, the complex human beings and their systems are evolving via following a nonlinear path. The standardise approach in the field of management of chronic disease fail to address these non-linear linkage. Such traditional approaches also overlook the meaning and changes that have a huge impact on the day to day life human beings along with the caring for the family. Nurses come from a place of complexity. Under this aura of complexity, they need to understand lived experience like fear, hope, violence and sufferings. Moreover, the majority of the nurses who work with in communities gain a deep understanding of these complexities and ambiguities. Following the basis of complexity of the relation, the role of the registered nurse is to address these complexities and ambiguities of the p atients who are suffering from chronic illness in order to deliver patient-centred care and support, which are unique in response to the context of the person. The complexity of thinking and relational inquiry helps the Registered nurse to deliver innovation in the domain of creative care within the groups or communities and thereby shaping the health and the nature of living (James, 2010). Human Science/Caring This domain of ontology under the school of nursing is based on certain core principles like nursing practise with a caring and kind attitude, appropriate cultivation of the patients spiritual thoughts towards the path of the wholeness of the spirit, body or mind and being open to the miracles or openness towards the inexplicable and unexpected events of life (Mitchell Cody, 1992). It aims to preach the nursing profession based on the domain of moral, ethics and philosophical foundation of cultural values. According to Jean Watson, nurses must go beyond their ego and spiritual belief while serving a patient and this falls under the banner of transpersonal caring relationship. Jean Watson also put emphasis on the heart-centred interaction with another person; encourages multiple wings to increasing knowledge and consciousness and presence to the humanism of self (Sitzman Watson 2013). Human sciences provides important framework in the domain of nursing research management, practice and proper development of knowledge. Human Science also involves proper understanding and study of the human begins. The phenomenological perspective of human science holds paramount importance in the domain of nursing research. It enables the nurses to understand the individuals insights into via citing their experiences in relation to well-being and healthy life. According to Heidegger (1962), the actual meaning of being can be comprehended via understanding the reason for human existence. He also focused on human experience to develop unique human science theory on nursing practise. For example, if a patient is complaining about pain, aHeideggerian-influenced nurse would critically consider the actual reason residing behind the experience of pain. She would not merely accept the level of pain described by the patient. The nursing concept based on the human science emphasises proper u nderstanding of the patient context behind symptom or disease manifestation (Pratt, 2012). As per my knowledge, the mainstream nursing knowledge is dominated by post-positivist view. This is a kind of paradigm that promotes the application of objective knowledge without giving any importance to the human experiences, in the domain of nursing knowledge development (Pratt, 2012). While on the other hand, human science promotes proper development of the nursing knowledge via taking the patient experience into consideration and amalgamating that experience with the theory of human physiology. The Complexity/Relationality promotes goodness of health via defining nursing approach under the banner of openness, energy field, pattern, pan dimensionality, knowing participation, time, space and movement. Critical theory assists advancement in nursing understanding delivering proper social justice, prevention of gender-based violence and intersectionality (James, 2010). References Alslman, E. T., Ahmad, M. M., Bani Hani, M. A., Atiyeh, H. M. (2015). Health: A Developing Concept in Nursing.International journal of nursing knowledge,28(2), 64-69. Clark, A. M. (1998). The qualitative?quantitative debate: moving from positivism and confrontation to post?positivism and reconciliation management.Journal of advanced nursing,vol. 27(6), pp. 1242-1249. James, K. (2010). Incorporating Complexity Science Theory into Nursing Curricula. Creative Nursing, 16(3), 137-142 6p. https://ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=rzhAN=105118352site=ehost-live Lyon, B. L. (2012a). Nursing-focused conceptualizations of health. In V. H. Rice (Ed.), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,vol. 33(2). Mitchell, G. J., Cody, W. K. (1992). Nursing knowledge and human science: Ontological and epistemological considerations.Nursing Science Quarterly,5(2), 54-61. Pratt, M. (2012). The utility of human sciences in nursing inquiry.Nurse researcher,vol. 19(3), pp. 12-15. Sitzman, K., Watson, J. (2013).Caring science, mindful practice: Implementing Watson's human caring theory. Springer Publishing Company.

A description of mythological creatures found in the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and their origin

A description of mythological creatures found in the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis and their origin DwarfA dwarf (modern plural dwarfs, older variant is dwarves) is a short humanoid creature in Norse mythology as well as fairy tales, fantasy fiction and role-playing games. Dwarves are much like humans, but generally living underground or in mountainous areas. Here they have heaped up countless treasures of gold, silver, and precious stones, and pass their time in fabricating costly armour. They are famed miners and smiths although, like humans, they specialize in any number of trades. Generally shorter than humans, they are on average stockier and hairier, usually sporting full beards. Dwarfish smiths created some of the greatest and most powerful items of power in Norse mythology, such as the magic ribbon which bound the wolf, Fenris.SatyrsIn Greek mythology, satyrs are mythological half-man and half-goat nature entities that roamed the woods and mountains, and were the companions of Pan and Dionysus.Satyrs are most commonly described as having the upper half of a man and the lowe r half of a goat or, less commonly, the lower half of a horse.Brygos PainterThey are also described as possessing a long thick tail, either that of a goat or a horse. Mature satyrs are often depicted with goat's horns, while juveniles are often shown with bony nubs on their foreheads.They are described as roguish but faint-hearted folk subversive and dangerous, yet shy and cowardly. They are lovers of wine, women and boys, and are ready for every physical pleasure. They roam to the music of pipes, cymbals, castanets, and bagpipes, and love to dance with the nymphs (with whom they are obsessed, and whom they often pursue), and have a special form of dance called 'sikinnis'. Because of their love of wine, they are often represented holding wine-cups, and appear often in the decorations on wine-cups.

Free Essays on Slang Words

Nigga Vs. Nigger â€Å"Yo! That’s my NIGGA†, is what the average African American person would substitute for the connotation of their buddy, acquaintance, friend and associate. Notice the spelling of the word Nigga; the word ends with the letter â€Å"A† rather than â€Å"ER†. The ending of the word emphasizes a meaning. If the word ends with an â€Å"ER† it’s meant to offend a black person, as oppose to an â€Å"A†, which is used to express friendship within a circle of black friends. Even though the figure of speech is a noun, like the word nigger, it has a whole different meaning behind it. The connotation behind the word nigga symbolizes unity within the African American culture and society. Young black people feel comfortable calling each other â€Å"their nigga’s† because they are aware of the meaning. The connotation behind the word nigga to whites, regardless of the â€Å"A† or â€Å"ER† is negative. White p eople think the meaning is derogatory and always will be because of their perspective on how it was used throughout history. White people feel extremely uncomfortable calling their friends a nigga because they feel the new meaning of the connotation is the same denotation of the word. â€Å"That’s a NIGGER†, is the way many people classified black people back in the day. The word nigger is traced back to 1786 with the same denotation as it has now. A nigger as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as, â€Å"loosely or incorrectly applied to members of other dark-skinned races.† Throughout history the word nigger was never used in a manner that demonstrates pleasant things, it was always used to belittle a black person for not being similar to what the average person was (white). In the Oxford English Dictionary, all the examples the author provides for the reader reflect a negative meaning of that word. For example, in the dictionary it states to work like a nigger, is to work exceptionally hard. This examp... Free Essays on Slang Words Free Essays on Slang Words Nigga Vs. Nigger â€Å"Yo! That’s my NIGGA†, is what the average African American person would substitute for the connotation of their buddy, acquaintance, friend and associate. Notice the spelling of the word Nigga; the word ends with the letter â€Å"A† rather than â€Å"ER†. The ending of the word emphasizes a meaning. If the word ends with an â€Å"ER† it’s meant to offend a black person, as oppose to an â€Å"A†, which is used to express friendship within a circle of black friends. Even though the figure of speech is a noun, like the word nigger, it has a whole different meaning behind it. The connotation behind the word nigga symbolizes unity within the African American culture and society. Young black people feel comfortable calling each other â€Å"their nigga’s† because they are aware of the meaning. The connotation behind the word nigga to whites, regardless of the â€Å"A† or â€Å"ER† is negative. White p eople think the meaning is derogatory and always will be because of their perspective on how it was used throughout history. White people feel extremely uncomfortable calling their friends a nigga because they feel the new meaning of the connotation is the same denotation of the word. â€Å"That’s a NIGGER†, is the way many people classified black people back in the day. The word nigger is traced back to 1786 with the same denotation as it has now. A nigger as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as, â€Å"loosely or incorrectly applied to members of other dark-skinned races.† Throughout history the word nigger was never used in a manner that demonstrates pleasant things, it was always used to belittle a black person for not being similar to what the average person was (white). In the Oxford English Dictionary, all the examples the author provides for the reader reflect a negative meaning of that word. For example, in the dictionary it states to work like a nigger, is to work exceptionally hard. This examp...

Analysing data Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Analysing data - Coursework Example As indicated from Table 1, the number one purpose of the performance appraisal (PA) for employees is to give feedback where 26.7% of the employees strongly agreed and 57.3% agreed. The second purpose was to develop employees’ performance at 25.3% (strongly agreed) and a staggering 61.3% of the employees agreed. The third most important purpose for the employees is to relieve uncertainty among employees where 22.7% and 56% strongly agreed and agreed, respectively. On the other hand, the results from Table 2 revealed that managers perceive giving feedback as its primary purpose where 33.3% of the respondents strongly agreed and 66.7% agreed. This purpose was seconded by developing employees’ performance at 16.7% (strongly agreed) and 83.3% of the managers agreed. However, second rank for both was to develop employees’ performance. It should be noted that managers also ranked â€Å"to improve communication among employees† as a second most important purpose for PA, where 50% strongly agreed and 33.3% agreed. The third most important purpose for PA, as perceived by managers, is actually three: to allocate financial rewards, to determine promotion, and to motivate employees where 50%, 33.3% and 66.7% strongly agreed, respectively. The least perceived purpose for the PA for employees and managers was to provide a structure of a plan of organizational success with only 9.3% of employees and none of the managers strongly agreed on this; 33.3% and 16.7% of employees and managers, respectively, agreed. There is diversity in response between employees and managers when asked what they think are the problems and challenges associated with PA. Employees ranked not having feedback from managers and identified problem in the PA as number 1. According to Table 3, the most significant challenges and problems associated with PA in the point of view of employees are: â€Å"managers do not have a performance feedback during meetings

Book sales declining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book sales declining - Essay Example However, the current economic circumstances are pushing the physical book sales market further down the line with low chances of recovery. 2. Variables The variables listed above are explained below to enhance understanding on the issue at hand. A. Global economic down turn: The economic crises that unfolded in recent years have hit the retail business as a whole. This has forced the retail business sales to go down significantly. Data from the Statistical Abstract of the United States indicates that employment at major retail stores has gone down by 8.6% between December 2007 and December 2009. (Miliot) This is compounded by the fact that retail stores have decreased the number of hours that employees work at retail stores which effectively signals cost cutting techniques at work. This variable has tended to affect book sales as a whole (online and physical) negatively. Negative growth resulting from the economic down turn has been rapid and seems bent upon sustaining current trends . Consumers are still figuring out how much their budgets can afford the purchases of new books. The spike in sales in the last quarter of each year indicates that consumers do have the kind of purchasing power required to buy books but they lack the initiative too given the general state of depression. However, it is significant to note that the larger authors are still generating sales as they did previously. The larger brand names in publishing are averaging around the same business level which again shows market potential. (Rich) B. Growing use of e-books: The growing move towards e-books has hit the regular book publishing markets highly in the long run. It is expected... The economic crises that unfolded in recent years have hit the retail business as a whole. This has forced the retail business sales to go down significantly. Data from the Statistical Abstract of the United States indicates that employment at major retail stores has gone down by 8.6% between December 2007 and December 2009. (Miliot) This is compounded by the fact that retail stores have decreased the number of hours that employees work at retail stores which effectively signals cost cutting techniques at work. This variable has tended to affect book sales as a whole (online and physical) negatively. Negative growth resulting from the economic down turn has been rapid and seems bent upon sustaining current trends. Consumers are still figuring out how much their budgets can afford the purchases of new books. The spike in sales in the last quarter of each year indicates that consumers do have the kind of purchasing power required to buy books but they lack the initiative too given the general state of depression. However, it is significant to note that the larger authors are still generating sales as they did previously. The larger brand names in publishing are averaging around the same business level which again shows market potential. Growing use of e-books: The growing move towards e-books has hit the regular book publishing markets highly in the long run. It is expected that regular book publishing will decrease at a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 3% between 2010 and 2014.

Critique of the painting child girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique of the painting child girl - Essay Example The essay "Critique of the painting "child girl"" discovers the painting "child girl" by Richard Phillips. The painting called the Girl Child was created by the artist in 1996-97 but other than that there is no inclination of why the artist has chosen such a subject. Richard Phillips has been known to say that there is a hidden connectivity or common thread that runs through most of his subjects, but where one series ends and another one starts is for the artist to say. Although the painting of the Girl Child is very realistic, it has the dubious distinction of both drawing people towards it and away from it, depending on what they interpret from the images and the subject matter. The painting called the Girl Child by Richard Phillips is possibly one of the most debated contemporary paintings in modern day America. It is an oil painting on a linen canvas and is one cannot help being awestruck by its sheer size of 90 x 100 inches. It currently hangs on display at the Collection of the Modern Museum of Art in Fort Worth Texas, USA. There are two images in the stated painting. One is of a small girl, not more than six or seven years of age, yet eerie and foreboding in its composure. It is almost as if the girl was haunted, as a deep dark eerie look is in evidence here. It is as if she is asking us for something, her plush blond locks hanging by her side as the focus is on the deep-set eyes and even more deep-set, bloodshot look. Her hair is parted down the middle of her forehead.

Difference Between Operating Systems And Application Software

Difference Between Operating Systems And Application Software What is application software? A  program  or group of programs designed for  end users. Application  software can be divided into two general classes:  systems software  and  applications software. Systems software consists of low-level programs that interact with the  computer  at a very basic level. This includes  operating systems compilers , and  utilities  for managing computer  resources. In contrast, applications software (also called  end-user  programs) includes database  programs,  word processors, and  spreadsheets. Figuratively speaking, applications software sits on top of systems software because it is unable to  run  without the operating system and  system  utilities. There are a lot of terms can be found over the internet related to computer. All type of computer have processor, Memory, keyboard, mouse and screen to display output. But their is a significant difference how people or organizations use computes for their usage. We can divide all type of computers to 6 categories. Personal Computer ,Server Computer, Mainframe Computer , Super Computer, Embedded Computer, Mobile Computer. Operating  Systems Software  designed  to  handle  basic  elements  of  computer  operation,such  as  sending  instructions  to  hardware  devices  like  disk  drives and  computer  screens,  and  allocating  system  resources  such  as memory  to  different  software  applications  being  run.  Given uniformly  designed  operating  systems  that  run  on  many  different computers,  developers  of  software  do  not  need  to  concern themselves  with  these  problems,  and  are  provided  with  a  standard platform  for  new  programs. Application software  is a subclass of  computer software  that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with  system software  which is involved in integrating a computers various capabilities, but does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. Custom Applications The software is tailor-made software.  The software developed to meet all the requirements specified by the user. General Applications This type of software developers to carry out specific tasks in mind the overall requirements.  Many users can use it, because it meets the general requirements. Application software is computer software, which uses a computer the ability to direct and complete the task, users want to run sub-classes. This should be contrasted with system software, the software is the integration of various functions in the computer, but usually not directly applicable to the task, a user-friendly performance. In an application suite usually have a separate application user interface with some common makes it easier for users to learn and use each application. Often they may have some capacity, with people in ways that favor the user. For example, a spreadsheet might be able to document in a word processor, even if it has been in the embedded application to create a separate spreadsheet.  User-written software tailors systems to meet users specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts. Users create this software themselves how important it is often overlooked.  In some types of embedded systems, application software and operating system software may be unable to distinguish between users, such as software used to control the VCR, DVD player or microwave oven case. Operating system The use of low-level computer software called the operating system (O / S), to help people build and run their own programs.  Operating system software runs not only in notebook computers, but also mobile phones, network routers and other so-called embedded devices. The type of operating system Operating system is a set of procedures, control application software, the user runs the hardware provided between the collection and the current software running on the computer link.  The operating system is also responsible for the management and control of all resources (memory, hard drives, monitors, etc.) between them may be running different applications at the same time share the work. The most famous of the operating system used on personal computers: -Microsoft Windows -Mac OS X, -Linux, Some operating systems are designed for certain types of equipment, such as Google Android (Linux, a variant), and Symbian the mobile phone The Solaris and HP UX, and dangerous goods UX and other Unix variants for server computers December VM (Virtual Memory System) used to host computer Other operating systems to enjoy the notoriety of the period, but now only historical interest are: Novells Netware is the personal computer 90 in the 20th century, the popular O / S IBMs OS / 2 was an early PC-O / Ss competition with Microsoft Windows for a time, but limited success Multics is a particularly innovative in the mainframe operating system created in the 60s of last century, which affected the future of Unix development. Different between Operating System and Application Software The Operating System is the System Software that makes the Computer work. We can say that an Operating System (OS) is Software that acts as an interface between you and the hardware. It not only contains drivers used to speak the hardwares language, but also offers you a very specific graphical user interface (GUI) to control the computer. An OS can also act as an interface (from the hardware) to the other software. A complex OS like Windows or Linux or Mac OS offers the services of an OS, but also has applications built in. Solitaire, Paint, Messenger, etc. are all applications. Application software is the software that you install onto your Operating System. It consists of the programs that actually let you do things with your computer. These Applications are written to run under the various Operating Systems. These include things like your word processing programs, spread sheets, email clients, web browser, games, etc. Many programs, such as most of the Microsoft Office suite of programs, are written in both Mac and Windows versions, but you still have to have the right version for your OS. So, the operating system of a computer is the software that allows the computer work. It provides the framework under which the applications run. The Operating system of a Computer is the Software that allows the Computer work. It provides the framework under which the Applications run. An operating system is the type of Computer system you have such as Window XP or Window 95, 98, Mac, etc. The applications are the software that actually allows the user to do something with the computer. Without the applications, all you can do is change settings and navigate among the folders.The Applications are the Software that actually allows the user to do something with the Computer. Without the applications, all you can do is change settings and navigate among the folders. You can purchase its CD from a software company or download from a software companys web site. Types of Computer Systems Different  types of computer  systems are nowadays available for different purposes according the user needs.When youll have to  order  yours or even to build it, you should  first  define the  expected use of your computer.This step will help you to  describe  the basic capabilities and know the costs of your system. Example : Personal Computer ,Server Computer, Mainframe Computer , Super Computer, Embeded Computer, Mobile Computer. Supercomputers Supercomputers are the most fastest, and expensive modern computer systems. They are mostly used for intense processing and forecasting such as forecasting the weather, or super high resolution graphics such as ray traced images. Government processes such as immigration clearances, and all other high level functionalities are handled by a supercomputer. Supercomputers are also extensively used in the military to manage and calculate or even analyze full range of information from coordinates to traffic control and even launching systems. Today, the worlds fastest supercomputer was developed by IBM the IBM Roadrunner which runs on 1.026 1.105 Pflops or petaflops and is placed in the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico USA taking up a space of 6000 square feet. Mainframe computers Mainframe computers are used in large organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the same data. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the mainframes resources through a terminal (network terminal). There are two kinds of terminal, one is a dumb terminal which does not process or store data, just basic I/O input output and the intelligent terminal which can perform processing operations but these terminals normally do not have any storage. Mainframes are large and powerful systems to handle the processing of thousands of users at any one time. Most large organizations implement mainframes due to their flexibilities in which department computers can be allocated a certain functionality that is related to the department in response to all programs. For instance, an airline company which wishes to sell tickets online through the internet will require to connect their current website interface to a mainframe system. You as the user would then connect to the website or the mainframe system to key in your ticket purchase. Personal computers Microcomputer  designed for use by one person at a time. A typical PC assemblage comprises a  CPU; internal  memory  consisting of  RAM  and  ROM; data storage devices (including a  hard disc, a  floppy disc, or  CD-ROM); and input/output devices (including a display screen, keyboard,  mouse, and  printer). The PC industry began in 1977 when Apple Computer, Inc. (now  Apple Inc.), introduced the Apple II. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced PCs that year.  IBM  entered the PC market in 1981. The IBM PC, with increased memory capacity and backed by IBMs large sales organization, quickly became the industry standard. Apples Macintosh (1984) was particularly useful for  desktop publishing.  Microsoft Corp. introduced MS  Windows(1985), a  graphical user interface  that gave PCs many of the capabilities of the Macintosh, initially as an overlay of  MS-DOS. Windows went on to replace MS-DOS as the dominant  operating syst em  for personal computers. Uses of PCs multiplied as the machines became more powerful and application  software  proliferated. Today, PCs are used for  word processing,  Internet  access, and many other daily tasks. Computer servers Computer servers are among the most important infrastructure in any organization. The basic answer to the question what is a computer server, lies in the name of the term. It is a computer that serves all the computers or terminals, that are connected to it. Applications are stored in this computer and the other computer terminals connected to it, can access it. Although  computer  servers used to only be a part of enterprise networks, servers have now become a part of smaller, home or office networks. Servers can be used for several functions, such as supporting files, backups, security or gaming. For enterprise applications, servers are usually high-powered machines that can handle many requests from clients. Home or small-office servers can be another desktop that is used for file sharing and printing. Embedded Computer An  embedded system  is a special-purpose  computer  system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose  personal computer. Programs on an embedded system often must run with  real-time  constraints with limited  hardware  resources: often there is no disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. A  flash drive  may replace rotating media, and a small keypad and  LCD  screen may be used instead of a PCs keyboard and screen. Firmware  is the name for  software  that is embedded in hardware devices, e.g. in one or more  ROM/Flash  memory  IC  chips. Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100% reliability while running continuously for long periods of time, sometimes measured in years.  Firmware  is usually developed and tested to much stricter requirements than is general purpose  software  (which can usually be easily restarted if a problem occurs). In addition, because the embedded system may be outside the reach of humans (down an  oil well  borehole, launched into  outer space, etc.), embedded firmware must usually be able to self-restart even if some sort of catastrophic  data corruption  has taken place. This last feature often requires external hardware assistance such as a  watchdog timer  that can automatically restart the system in the event of a software failure. Mobile Computer Mobile computers are computing devices small enough to fit in your hand. A popular type of handheld computer is the personal digital assistant (PDA). A PDA is no larger than a small appointment book and is normally used for special applications such as taking notes, displaying telephone numbers and addresses and keeping track of dates or agendas. Many PDAs can be connected to computers to exchange data. Most PDAs come with a pen (stylus) that allows for handwriting recognition and some even have tiny built-in keyboards or microphones for voice input. A wireless connection (Wi-Fi) can be used to access the internet with a PDA. PDAs in the later part of this century were converted into phones, cameras, music players and GPS. The demands for PDA phones have been in the increase and of late have been mostly replaced by smart-phones that are equipped with much functionality similar to a computer. Conclusion Computers have become very important nowadays because they are accurate, fast and can accomplish many tasks easily. Otherwise to complete those tasks manually much more time is required. It can do very big calculations in just a fraction of a second. Moreover it can store huge amount of data in it. We also get information on different aspects using internet on our computer. O S and A S These provisions are applicable for both software applications and operating systems.   They address program features that must be contained in software for the product to meet the standards.   Because there are many programming languages from which a software producer may select, it is impossible to give specific coding techniques.   In some cases it is possible that a particular programming language may not possess the features necessary to fulfil these requirements.   In those instances, another language for creating the program would most likely have to be considered for the product to meet the standards. Since the invention of computers from first generation and fourth generation computers, they have been classified according to their types and how they operate that is input, process and output information. Below you will get a brief discussion on various types of Computers we have

Religion Essay -- essays research papers

The debate over the economic advantages of slavery in the South has raged ever since the first slaves began working in the cotton fields of the Southern States. Initially, the wealth of the New World was in the form of raw materials and agricultural goods such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Slavery, without a doubt, had its profitable aspects prior to the Civil War. However, this postulation began to change as abolitionists claimed the land of the Southern Plantations was overworked and the potential income of slaves was lower than that of white people who had a vested interest in the productivity and success of the South. The concept of slavery had been brought over to America by the ideals of British Mercantilism which called for strict regulation of the state and its people for the good of the national economy. In the early 1700’s, Frenchman Colbert stated that, "no commerce in the world produces as many advantages as that of the slave trade"(Williams, 144). The inhumane practice of slavery began in the American colonies in 1619. Although Africans first came to the New World around 1501, the early colonists did not think to use them as slave labor. Instead, they imported poor, white indentured servants from Europe to clear forests and cultivate fields. It was the English colonists that incited the idea of using Black slaves. They could be caught easily because of their color and they could be bought and kept until they died. "Negroes, from a pagan land and without exposure to the ethical ideals of Christianity, could be handled with more rigid methods of discipline and could be morally and spiritually degraded for the sake of stability on the plantation,† wrote historians John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr. in "From Slavery to Freedom" (22). Where America failed in Mercantilism was in not providing enough slaves to generate a sufficient profit margin and by becoming a divided nation over the issue of slavery. Southern slaves were viewed in economic terms of labor to capital. While the ownership of slaves was a source of pride in plantation owners, this interdependence of slave on master and master to slave created a vicious cycle of rashness that caused slave owners to often become irrational. In the south, slaveholdings varied according to size, location, and crops produced. Slavery in cities differed substantially from th... ...er to the problem of slavery. Olmsted asserted that the â€Å"majority of those who sell the cotton crop† were â€Å"poorer than the majority of our day-labourers at the North† (171). His chief complaint with slavery was that the quantity produced by slaves, be it cotton or tobacco or any marketable good, was drastically inferior. Olmsted asserted that it took two times as many slaves as Northern labourers to accomplish a task (172). â€Å"Low-quality labor, poor use of resources, and indifferent management all combined, said Olmsted, to make southern agriculture far less efficient than northern agriculture† (172). Olmsted asserted that psychologically, slaves preformed poorly under conditions of fear of punishment and free men, without this fear, would certainly be more productive in defending their reputation and standing with pride with their employer. The low productivity of slaves could be explained by the conditions in which they were forced to live and work in. Inadequate care, incentives and training left the slaves without proper preparation for their role on the plantation (Genovese, 46). A cyclical effect of malnutrition and disease was apparent on many plantations. Since malnutrition

Economical Effect of Michael Jordan

I had originally planned to write a paper on Michael Jordan's economical effect on today's sports in America. I had even researched and written two pages before I stopped and realized that I would like to instead discuss Michael Jordan's life and mystical career. Over the last twenty years Michael Jordan has captivated and awed me with his brilliant success both on and off the basketball court. I have wanted for some time to write about him and try to rationalize his seemingly unbelievable life and this paper has given me a chance. The legend began in 1981 with seventeen seconds left on the clock and seventeen feet between Michael and the basket. It was a shot any coach drawing up a play for a talented player for the final shot would die for. He knocked it in and North Carolina had its first National championship. Even though North Carolina had the best college player in the country in James Worthy and other great stars in Sam Perkins and Matt Doherty, it was the scrawny freshman who had come on the scene that year to become the first Carolina freshman to ever start that took the biggest shot in the program's history. It was Michael Jordan who was the man that night and he was determined either consciously or unconsciously to never let anyone question who the man is again. Michael went on to become two-time national college player of the year and in 1999, was voted the greatest college basketball player ever. (CNN/Sports Illustrated) After his junior year, having accomplished everything possible for a college player, Michael decided to turn professional. (He later completed his degree taking summer school courses) But first he would go on to dominated the 1984 Olympics and lead the United States to the gold medal. It could be left up to Spanish Olympian Fernando Martin to sum up the Michael Jordan phenomenon, circa 1984. â€Å"Michael Jordan? † he asked. â€Å"Jump, jump, jump. Very quick. Very fast. Very, very good. Jump, jump, jump. † No NBA scouting report could have been more pertinent. By the time Michael detonated on the league in 1984, he had sprouted from a precocious and exciting young talent into a full-fledged human event. As his rookie season marched on, Jordan upstaged proven giants like Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and Dr. J. and already was becoming the first player to transcend team affiliation on the road. Fan's didn't come out to see their hometown heroes beat the Bulls; they bought tickets to watch Michael Jordan fly. In his rookie year Michael averaged an astonishing 28. 2 points per game (third overall) and was selected to the all-star game. He also led the team to the playoffs for the first time in four years. A feat he would continue to ensure every year of his career. It was in his second year that Jordan's bitter relationship with Bulls general manager Jerry Krause and owner Jerry Reinsdorf began. Michael had broken his foot three games into the season and had spent the next months rehabilitating in order to come back as soon as possible. When he was finally healthy to play the Bulls record was 24-43. Michael believed that the team could still make the playoffs and was excited for the challenge. Krause and Reinsdorf had other ideas. They wanted to keep Michael from playing so that they could keep losing and secure a place in the draft lottery. To someone as competitive as Michael Jordan, this idea was simply sinful. It meant that the people who employed him were not as committed to winning as he was, that they accepted the idea of defeat as he did not, and that they were wiling to bag the current season and any chance at the playoffs in order to improve their roster for the future. Even on a bad team with marginal players like the early Bulls, the remarkable thing about Michael Jordan was that he never accepted the idea of defeat. He believed that as long as he played, the Bulls could make the playoffs, and that if he got there, he could carry them on to victory. Management finally did let him play and the Bulls did make the playoffs where they faced the best team in the league, the Boston Celtics. It was the stage that Michael lived for and he took full advantage. Although the Bulls were swept by the eventual champions, Michael's fame and notoriety had a quantum increase after the series. No one was really prepared for what happened. In the first game Michael came out blistering and scored forty-nine points. A great performance against the top defensive team in the league, but not extraordinary. In the second game Michael performed at a playoff level that no one had witnessed before. The CBS sports broadcast seemed more like a personal highlight reel than an actual game. By the end of the double overtime war, he'd hit for 63 points, the most points ever scored in playoff history. Celtic Danny Ainge later said, â€Å"We knew when we had gone into the game that he was very good, but none of us knew yet that he was going to be the best player who ever laced up sneakers, but we were in the process of learning it, and that afternoon was a good beginning. Perhaps Larry Bird, the MVP of the league at the time, put it best, â€Å"That was god disguised as Michael Jordan. † In his rookie year Michael already had become one of the top product endorser in the league. He had signed a then unheard of contract with Nike that paid him $250,000 a year for five years with an annuity, incentives, and royalties on all Nike basketball related items. Michael had originally wanted to sign with Addidas even if they offered him less money than Nike, but Nike threw in the kicker. They offered to name a shoe after him. The first Air Jordan shoe was a high-top black and red shoe. Three games into the season, the NBA did Michael and Nike a huge favor. The league banned the shoe because it didn't conform to the rest of the Bulls uniform. Michael continued to wear the shoe and the league subsequently fined him $5,000 a game. Nike didn't blink. They paid every penny and Michael continued to wear the shoe. It would have cost millions of dollars to come up with a promotion that produced as much publicity as the league's ban did. The first commercial showed Jordan's head, and the camera slowly moved down his body to his feet. When the camera hit the shoes a big â€Å"X† was stamped on the screen and the announcer said, â€Å"Banned†. After that sales went crazy. But it was Michael's third year when his remarkable qualities where able to be portrayed through the television. Nike had hired a little known film producer named Spike Lee to direct Michael in commercials. The commercials that they make together were able to show Michael's innate charm and wit, and his obvious confidence. He knew who he was and liked who he was. There was nothing threatening about him. He was judgmental- you had to win his respect, and he was clearly shrewd about how he was used- but there was an innate coolness and elegance about him. If this was not yet expressed in anything he said, it was self evident in the smile, in the deft facial gestures, in the ability to roll his eyebrows at just the right moment. He was good looking, he was likable, he had that luminescent smile, and he was the greatest basketball player in the world. The Nike commercials were so good, that they fed on themselves and inspired other companies such as McDonald's, Coke, Hanes, Gatorade, Wilson, and Ballpark Franks among many others to do comparable commercials. And so it was that a true American icon was born. Michael continued for the next three years to grow in both his basketball achievements and his fame. Michael won every single individual basketball award possible and was already considered one of the best players in the history of the game. And outside of basketball the public became more and more fond of him. But in his mind and the mind of many others, Michael was missing something. A championship. For years Michael had carried a seemingly inferior team to the brink, only to succumb to either the great Celtic teams of the early 80's, or the great Pistons, led by Isaah Thomas, in the late 80's. But in 1991 the basketball world could no longer contain Michael Jordan's destiny. After the first championship against the Lakers and Magic Johnson, Michael's fame again skyrocketed. He went from being the most famous athlete in America to being the most famous person in America. By the time Michael had claimed his third championship in a row, his notoriety transcended not only sports but American culture. He was unquestionably the most well known human on the planet. More famous in many distant parts of the globe than the President of The United States. American journalists and diplomats on assignment to the most rural parts of Asia and Africa were often stunned when they visited small villages to find young children wearing tattered replicas of Michael Jordan's Bulls jersey. Michael Jordan's life from 1980 to 1993 was that of a storybook. The success that he achieved in that short time frame quit possibly is unparallel in American history. But at the same time it seemed possible by a very unique and gifted individual. However, the events that occurred in Michael Jordan's life from 1994-1999, in my and many others opinion, at times do not seem possible and in fact almost immortal. You could almost get a sense watching him over the years that you were not in fact witnessing a real story, but one made of fiction. As if all the major media sources in the world got together and decided to concoct this seemingly unbelievable human that never seems to fail. To put the success that Michael Jordan achieved in the last six years in the proper perspective would significantly increase the length of this paper so I would like to instead let some well known others describe Michael Jordan. Harry Edwards, a sociologist at the University of California, talks about Jordan representing the highest level of human achievement, on the order of Gandhi, Einstein, or Michelangelo. If, he added, he were in charge of introducing an alien being â€Å"to the epitome of human potential, creativity, perseverance, and spirit, I would introduce that alien life to Michael Jordan. Doug Collins, once spoke of Jordan belonging to that rarest category of people who are so far above the norm, men like Einstein and Edison, that they were identifiable geniuses. Jordan's talented teammate B. J. Armstrong, frustrated in his early years with the Bulls by his failure to rise to Jordan's level and apparent expectations, had gone to the library and checked out a series of books on geniuses to see if there was anything he might learn about how to deal with Jordan. He's god's child,† teammate Wes Matthews said in Jordan's first year. And there were a number of players more talented than Matthews who agreed. â€Å"Jesus in Nikes,† in the words of Jayson Williams of the Nets. After Jordan led the Bulls to their second title, Larry bird said that there had never been an athlete like Jordan. I think author Scott Turow says it best, â€Å"Michael Jordan plays basketball better than anyone else in the world does anything else. â€Å"

Hurricane Names List for 2014

Hurricane Names List for 2014 Below you will find the listing of hurricane names for the Atlantic Ocean for the year 2014. For every year, there is a pre-approved list of tropical storm and hurricane names. These lists have been generated by the National Hurricane Center since 1953. At first, the lists consisted of only female names; however, since 1979, the lists alternate between male and female. Hurricane Naming Conventions Hurricanes are named alphabetically from the list in chronological order. Thus the first tropical storm or hurricane of the year has a name that begins with A and the second is given the name that begins with B. The lists contain hurricane names that begin from A to W, but exclude names that begin with a Q or U. There are six lists that continue to rotate. The lists only change when there is a hurricane that is so devastating, the name is retired and another hurricane name replaces it. The 2014 hurricane name list is the same as the 2008 hurricane name list with the exception of three names that were devastating hurricanes in 2008 and thus retired. Gustav was replaced by Gonzalo, Ike was replaced by Isaias, and Paloma was replaced by Paulette. 2014 Hurricane Names ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGonzaloHannaIsaiasJosephineKyleLauraMarcoNanaOmarPauletteReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred

Underclass in Britain Essay Example

Underclass in Britain Essay Example Underclass in Britain Paper Underclass in Britain Paper An increase in the number of jobs available wouldnt reduce unemployment or the underclass though as these unemployed illegitimate criminals dont want jobs as receiving benefits is a far more attractive alternative option. Not surprisingly Murrays views on the welfare state and the underclass attracted many criticisms, many of whom believe that the welfare state does not provide an underclass. In terms of illegitimacy J. Brown (In Murray, C. 1993:61) points out that Murray merely picked out the statistics he wanted to support his one sided arguments on illegitimacy, who choose not to work, marry and be dependent upon long term benefits. Whereas 25% if single mothers work part-time, they actually spend less time on benefits than widowed and divorced mother do and 60% if single mothers remarried by the time their child is 5 yr. old and 70% of them are married when the child is ages 7 yr. old, (Ermisch in Murray, C. 1993:63) therefore there are no a wave of children with no role models in terms of a father figure. Deakin (In Murray, C. 1993:75) further more supports Browns argument by suggesting that illegitimacy rates have not increased because of the welfare state but because there has been a decline in the popularity of marriage. If you cut benefits as Murray implies then single mothers will be forced to stay dependent upon them , with no means to go back to work or to find a job and if they did work when their child is still a baby and very dependent on the carer they would be seen as a bad mother. It seems that it is a vicious crucial, cutting benefits leads to problems and having benefits leads to an underclass! How the welfare state promotes violent crime is bizarre to even suggest I feel, how can welfare increase crime, what benefits do criminals get from the welfare state? My opinion is supported by Deakin (In Murray. C, 1993:76) as a completely flawed correlation, Murrays use of British Crime Statistics actually forces the theory to it knees (ibid. ). Crime maybe inter-related with illegitimacy and unemployment but it doesnt increase because of the welfare state directly. Field, to a certain extent agreed with Murray in terms of the welfare state encouraging unemployment. Trying to get the young disillusioned unemployed worker back into work is a mammoth problematic task, YTS schemes and the new deal are not popular and are only a mere feasible attempt to address the problems created by the welfare state Murray might argue. YTS schemes are unpopular and unsuccessful in getting people back into work as they are just forms of slave labour, they seek to blame the victim or there own poverty and misfortunes very much like the Victorian Middle Class of the 18/19th century did, many people have little choice in their own making and are forced by uncontrollable circumstances to become unemployed and part of an illegitimate family, Walker (In Murray. C, 1993:69). The weight of Murrays argument and its criticisms it seems to suggest that welfare does not create an underclass to the extent that Murray believed. His ideas tend to be focused upon the moralising agenda of the underclass, where he refers to a type of poverty rather than to the degree of poverty that the underclass experience. He only focuses upon social welfare creating an underclass and ignores fiscal and occupational welfare, maybe he didnt believe these were responsible for creating an underclass or was it a case of those who are dependent upon these forms of welfare are generally the Middle Classes and these Middle Classes only use certain forms of social welfare such as the NHS and education and are not supcitible to a decline in their moral/values like the Working Class and underclass who use these forms of welfare? It is not the case that the welfare state is the cause of the underclass rather how the term underclass is perceived which depends whether you are part of the so called underclass or overclass (Walker in Murray. C, 1993:71) which relates back to the problem of such a strong derogatory term as underclass so much so that it is an unhelpful concept that cannot explain its own emergence in the welfare state of Britain. But even in todays government Tony Blair has been influenced by Murrays theory of an underclass in the welfare state by stating that the underclass are set apart from the mainstream of society pointing to the need to re-moralise the underclass/poor, what then for the future of the welfare state and the underclass? If Britain took literally and followed the inhumane radical suggestions of Murray would it necessarily make the underclass dependent? Looking back in history to Victorian times, where welfare was far from generous-but a deterrent for idleness, why was there a growing Working Class or underclass growing out of control? In line with Murrays seemingly Victorian attitude to poverty is the fact that he focuses upon the fact that poverty is the fault of the underclass in terms of their behaviour which diverts the attention away form the view that the phenomenon f the underclass could be caused by the failure of the economic and labour market polices and be a result of political causes mot that they are the ones making the wrong moral choices (Alcock. P, in Murray. C, 1993:140) Bibliography Deakin, N. (1990) Mr Murrays Ark.in Murray, C (1990) The Emerging British Underclass IEA London Dean H. and Taylor-Gooby,P. (1992) Dependency Culture Harvester Wheatsheaf, Ermisch, J. F. (1991) Lone parenthood : an economic analysis Cambridge : Cambridge Univeristy Press, Field, F. , (1989) Losing Out The Emergence of Britains Underclass, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Fitzpatrick,T. (1996) Postmodernism, Welfare and Radical Politics. In Journal of Social Policy, 25. 3. pp303-320 Lister, R. (1996) (ed) Charles Murray and the Underclass The Developing Debate IEA Health and Welfare Unit. London. MacDonald, R. (ed) (1997) Youth, the underclass and Social Exclusion, Routlegde, London Mann, K. (1992) The Making of an English Underclass? Milton Keneys, Open University Press. Murray, C. (1990) The Emerging British UNDERCLASS. IEA Health and Welfare Unit, Murray, C. (1994) Underclass The Crisis Deepens I. E. A. Smith, D. J. (ed) (1992) Understanding the Underclass PSI London. Walker, A. (Ed) (1996) The New Generational Contract Intergenerational relations, old age and welfare. UCL Press. London. ANGELA ALCOCK FAO Banu.

Interview reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview reflection - Essay Example Indeed, a calm disposition is an edge over this kind of activity. The question that asked candidates about qualities that commands respect in the classroom was full of insight. First, the personality of the person answering the question would be revealed. If â€Å"grades† were the answer , that reveals the person’s belief in positive or negative reinforcement. Another question that reveals the candidate’s belief is the one that inquires about the stating the goals of a school principal. This clearly shows what the person thinks or believes are the needs of the educational system according to his own perspective. Actually, almost all of the questions were very thought-provoking that required students to practice critical thinking skills and some ethics. The interview activity should always be a part of the class requirements. The activity helps students to understand themselves better and prepare them for real scenarios in the future. Applying concepts learned in the class and communicating them well to other people is a plus factor in one’s

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN SHIPPING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN SHIPPING - Assignment Example This report is a short study of some of the recent developments in international trade and finance and their impact on maritime transport, suggesting ways how shipping can weather the storm and manage itself financially to remain the most viable and popular mode of international transport. According to International Chamber of Shipping, the international shipping industry is responsible for the carriage of about 90 percent of world trade. Intercontinental trade, the bulk transport of raw materials and the import/export of affordable food and goods would simply not be possible without shipping. Notwithstanding the recent contraction in trade resulting from the present economic downturn, the world economy is expected to continue to grow and shipping will need to respond to the demand for its services. â€Å"Capesize Vessels† weigh from 175,000 tons to 400,000 tons and count as some of the largest craft in the World. They typically carry raw materials such as Iron ore, Steel, Coal and other raw commodities. Where you used to pay up to $230,000 per day to rent one, now you can have one for a measly $2800 per day. Lloyds even reported yesterday that one Capesize vessel was going for $1000 per day. These levels of payment are crippling the Shipping Industry and leading to cancelled orders with Shipyards where it is cheaper to let the shipbuilder keep the deposit. More and more older carriers are being scrapped as their value decreases. In October alone, more shipping tonnage was scrapped than in the previous 2 years. The inevitable result of this will be less tonnage available to transport raw materials. From an economic standpoint, supply will decrease thus theoretically lead to a commensurate increase in leasing prices, thus forcing the Baltic Dry Index up again. In the meantime though, there will be a large increase in job losses in the shipping

Obesity in Older Nurses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in Older Nurses - Assignment Example The next part discussed an implementation plan that may help to reduce and prevent the problem. The plan will be implemented after the acquisition of permission from relevant sources. This plan aims at educating nurses about the foods that they should eat and the exercises that they should undertake to reduce excess weight in their bodies. This plan will be implemented by exercise and diet tutors using resources such as computers, handouts, questionnaires, and finances that will be used to purchase these requirements. The next section was the evaluation plan that aimed at discussing how to appraise the implemented plan to check if it achieves its goals. This plan indicated that it would use interviews, attendance, lists, measurement of weights, and questionnaires as the main techniques of appraising the results of the implemented scheme. The last section of this paper discussed the methods that would be used to disseminate evidence to the organization’s administrators, nurses, and the community. The techniques discussed include reports, workshops, websites, conferences, emails, and press releases. In conclusion, this research aimed at finding out the prevalence of obesity among older nurses and the methods that may be used to prevent and reduce this disorder in the nursing community. The analyzed sources of literature indicate that obesity is a common disease among the nurses of the United States. Since the nurses are mainly involved in giving other patient’s healthcare, it means that the continued prevalence of obesity among them may lead to the deterioration of the overall health of the country. Therefore, it is essential to address this problem before it leads to a destructible catastrophe of lack of health care givers in a giant economy. The main methods of addressing this problem are motivating nurses to eat healthy foods and undertake

Lab Report Banana Dna Essay Example for Free

Lab Report Banana Dna Essay DNA is organized into genes and stores genetic information. DNA molecules are long, slender molecules that carry the heritable information of organisms on to future generations. Because of their size, it is impossible to see a single DNA molecule with the naked eye. It would take about 300,000 DNA molecules side by side to make a bundle as thick as a human hair. When subjected to certain conditions, it is possible to collect â€Å"large† amounts of DNA to make it visible. As part of the chromosomes, the information contained in genes can be transmitted faithfully by parents through gametes to their offspring. For the gene’s DNA to subsequently influence an inherited trait, the stored genetic information in the DNA in most cases is first transferred to a closely related nuclei acid, RNA or ribonucleic acid. In eukaryotic organisms, RNA most ofther carries the genetic information out of the nucleus, where chromosomes reside into the cytoplasm of the cell. In the cytoplasm, the information in RNA is translated into proteins, which serve as the end products of most all genes. The process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called transcription. The subsequent conversion of the genetic information contained in RNA into a protein is called translation. DNA molecule exists in cells as a long coiled structure often described as a double helix. Each strand of the helix consists of a linear polymer made up of genetic building blocks called nucleotides. There are four types of nucleotides which vary depending on the four nitrogenous bases of the molecule. The four nitrogenous are A(adenine), G(guanine), T(thymine) and C(cytosine). These comprise the genetic alphabet which in various combinations, will specify the components of proteins. It was established in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick that the two strands of their proposed double helis are exact complements of one another, such that the rings of the ladder always consists of either A=T, or G=C base pairs. This complementarity between adenine and cytosine nitrogenuos base pairs and between guanine and cytosine nitrogenuos base pase pairs, attracted to one another by hydrogen bonds, is critical to genetic function. Complementarity serves as the basis for both the replication of DNA and for the transcription of DNA into RNA. OBJECTIVES * To learn basic DNA extraction processes. * To properly and successfully extract DNA from banana using cell disruption and separation techniques. * To investigate the effect of temperature on DNA extraction from bananas. * To observe the extraction of genomic DNA from plant cells. * To understand how a buffer solutions disrupts the plasma membrane and releasing cellular components into the solution. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS PER CLASS * (60-70 oC) Water bath * 95% Ethanol * Extraction solution * Cheesecloth Ice chest containing ice PER GROUP * 40g Banana * 2 ziplock bags (Label ‘Extraction 1’ and ‘Extraction 2’) * 2 funnels * 2 test tubes * 50ml conical tube (2 pieces) * 500ml beaker (2 pieces) * Glass Rod (2 pieces) * Shampoo 4ml * Distilled water 40ml * Table Salt (NaOH) 0. 3g PROCEDURE (A) Extraction solution recipe: 4ml of shampoo was mixed with 36ml of distilled water. The solution was stirred well and slowly. The mixture was divided into two 50ml conical flasks (20ml each). The conical flasks was labelled S and SS. 0. g of salt was added into flask SS. The salt was dissolved by stirring slowly to avoid foaming. (B) Banana Extraction 1. A water bath was prepared. (60 oC) 2. 20g of banana was added into each ziplock bag labeled ‘Extraction 1’ and ‘Extraction 2’ 3. Extraction solution ‘S’ was added into ziplock ‘Extraction 1’ and extraxtion solution ‘SS’ into ziplock bad ‘Extraction 2’. The bag was closed with minimum content of air. 4. The bananas were mushed carefully to avoid the bag from breaking. The bananas were mashed for about 5 minutes. 5. The banana mixtures were cooled in the ice chest containing ice for 2 minutes. Then the bananas were mushed more. The banana mixtures were cooled, the mushed again. This process was repeated for 4 times. 6. The mixtures were filtered through cheesecloths. 7. Approximately 3ml of banana solution were dispenced into each test tube. 8. The test tubes were carefully handled to avoid shaking. Approximately 2ml of cold 95% ethanol was added into each test tube. 9. The test tubes were then observed. Result Photo 1: Test tubes containing solution S and SS CONCLUSION We manage to learn basic DNA extraction processes. We are able to properly and successfully extract DNA from banana using cell disruption and separation techniques. We succesfully investigated the effect of temperature on DNA extraction from bananas. We are able to observe the extraction of genomic DNA from plant cells. We understood how a buffer solutions disrupts the plasma membrane and releasing cellular components into the solution. REFERENCES: BOOKS: * Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson, Biology (8th Ed), Pearson International Edition: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. * Peter J. Bowler (1989). The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Pragya Khanna. Essentials of Genetics. I. K International Publising House. * Elof Carlson (The Unfit), Mendels Legacy: The Origin of Classical Genetics, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, USA * Benjamin Cummings(2005), iGenetics: A Mendelian Approach, Pearson; University of Chicago, USA